The great Polish linguist Jan Baudouin de Courtenay spoke many times of the issue of nationality and problems related to it. He stated concisely: “If one strictly abides by the freedom of conscience and respect for human dignity, one may consciously not include oneself in any nationality, as well as one may consciously include oneself in and emotionally belong to two or more nationalities.” In tsarist times he promoted the idea of federalization of the Russian empire and granting autonomy to other nationalities; in independent Poland he defended the rights of national minorities. Thanks to his bold and consistent attitude, de Courtenay gained great respect among people. In 1922 he was nominated by members of national minorities as a candidate for the president of Poland. De Courtenay was particularly sensitive to confusing the concepts of nationality and citizenship.
The paper deals with syntactic contrasts between Polish words conventionally treated as pronominal forms: case, postpropositionalness, strong vs. weak position, number, and gender. According to the general premises of an overall grammatical description of contemporary Polish the first four are here treated as inflexional, and the last one as lexical.
This paper deals with the Polish construction 'isc w soldaty (be drafted); lit. become a 'soldat' (solider)', which is grammatically atypical: it is not clear what the value of its noun constituent's case is. The point of departure for the analysis is Igor Melchuk's paper about the parallel Russian construction. (The Polish construction was borrowed from Russian during the Russian rule on Polish territory.) The solution is similar to that for Russian: 'soldaty' in this expression is an atypical (non-virile or depreciative) accusative form. Additionally, some similar expressions consisting of a preposition and a noun form analogous to 'soldaty' are discussed. It is possible to see in them a trace of a new case in Polish (post-prepositional Accusative).
Celem artykułu jest dyskusja nad paradygmatami czasowników o podstawach: mleć – mielić, pleć – pielić oraz ich derywatów leksykalnych. Współczesne słowniki języka polskiego podają z reguły paradygmaty hybrydalne. Ich trzon stanowią tradycyjne formy utworzone od podstaw mleć i pleć, jednak imiesłowy bierne oraz gerundia zaczerpnięte są z nowych wariantów – mielić, pielić. Autorzy badają obecność obu typu form w tekstach. Stare warianty form powszechnie występują w NKJP, ale po analizach danych korpusowych okazuje się to wynikiem automatycznego znakowania morfosyntaktycznego, sprzyjającego wariantom akceptowanym przez słowniki normatywne. W rzeczywistości nowe warianty form okazują się częstsze. W podsumowaniu autorzy proponują podzielić paradygmaty zgodnie z rozwojem form i uznać czasowniki „mielić”, „pielić” za niezależne warianty neutralne. Rozwiązanie to zostało już wprowadzone do nowej edycji (online) „Słownika gramatycznego języka polskiego”.
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The article discusses the contemporary situation of the lexical variants of two Polish verbs: “mleć” : “mielić”, “pleć” : “pielić” (and their prefixed derivatives). As a rule Polish dictionaries give the hybrid paradigms with the majority forms built from the traditional variants “mleć” and “pleć”, but the participle and the gerund are taken from the new variants “mielić” and “pielić”, belonging to the productive conjugational pattern (“mielony”, “mielenie”; “pielony”, “pielenie” instead of the old forms “mlety”, “mlecie”; “plety”, “plecie”, now completely obsolete). In Polish text corpora the old variants are seemingly prevalent, but this is the result of automatic tagging, favoring the variants accepted by traditional normative dictionaries. In fact, new variants are more frequent. In conclusion, the authors propose to divide the paradigms according to their history and to recognize “mielić” and “pielić” as neutral variants. This solution has been introduced in the new on-line edition of the “Grammatical Dictionary of Polish”.
Artykuł przedstawia pochodzenie i praktyczne użycie nietypowych form miejscownika i narzędnika liczby pojedynczej nazw miejscowości o odmianie przymiotnikowej, a także trudności związane z ich kodyfikacją.
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The article discusses the origin and practical use of exceptional singular forms of the locative and instrumental of topographic names with an adjectival declension (of the type Zakopane), as well as the norms contained in the rules of Polish spelling.
The article discusses the sphere of using and the etymology of the Polish idiom w kibinimatry / / w kibinimater. Its occurence is rare and dispersed, but it is used mainly by the older generation. This idiom contains an isolated component, incomprehensible for average users. Its source is an extremely vulgar Russian idiom к ебаной матери «to your fucked mother’. It was probably borrowed by Poles from Russian and Soviet soldiers. Both idioms in both languages belong to slang expressions and have many phonetic variants.