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Pomoc Gdańska dla gminy ewangelickiej w Smyrnie w 2 połowie XVIII wieku

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Kizik E.
Gdański Rocznik Ewangelicki
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2011
|
vol. 5
106-117
DE
Zu den weniger erforschten Aspekten der Geschichte des Danziger Protestantismus gehören die finanziellen Hilfeleistungen, die die Danziger im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert gern und wiederholt ihren Glaubensbrüdern in und außer- halb der Landesgrenzen zukommen ließen. In der 2. Hälfte des 18. und zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts kam die lutherische Gemeinde im türkischen Smyrna (Izmir) in den Genuss umfangreicher finanzieller Unterstützung aus Danzig. Die Gemeinde war 1759 in deutschen, dänischen und schwedischen Kaufmannskreisen im europäischen Viertel dieser Hafenstadt gegründet worden. Der in Nürnberg ordinierte Christoph Wilhelm Lüdeke (ca. 1730–1805) wurde zum Pastor berufen und hatte dieses Amt bis 1768 inne. Wegen anhaltender finanzieller Schwierigkeiten wandte sich das Nürnberger Konsistorium im Namen Lüdeckes und des Smyrnaer Kirchenväter mit der Bitte um Hilfe an das Danziger Geistliche Ministerium, dem alle lutherischen Prediger der Stadt angehörten. Der vorliegende Text zeichnet auf der Grundlage einschlägiger Fachliteratur und archivalischer Quellen die Danziger Hintergründe dieser Geschichte nach. Die Danziger Stadtverwaltung beschloss am 6. Oktober 1762, eine Kol- lekte zu Gunsten der Gemeinde in der Türkei zu veranstalten. Bis zum Winter erbrachte sie über 26.613 fl. Ein Großteil des Geldes – 25.000 fl. – wurde auf dem Konto der Kammerei mit 4% angelegt, diese Anlage erbrachte jährlich 1.000 fl., die nach Smyrna geschickt wurden. 1806-1807 wurden die Zahlungen eingestellt, sicher in Folge der Tatsache, dass der in Danzig ordinierte und aus Lyck (Ełk) stammende Johann Usko (1760-1841) die Gemeinde dort verließ. Eine zusätzliche Rolle dürfte der Ausbruch des französisch-preußischen Krieges (1806) sowie die Entstehung der Freien Stadt Danzig unter napoleonischem Protektorat im Jahr 1807 gespielt haben. Das Danziger Konto für die Lutheraner in Smyrna aber wurde nicht aufgelöst und enthielt noch zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhundrerts die Summe von 34.375 Mark.
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Wynagrodzenia za dzieła dedykowane lub ofiarowane Radzie Miejskiej Gdańska w XVII w. Źródłowy przyczynek do dziejów mecenatu miejskiego

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Kizik E.
Rocznik Biblioteki Narodowej
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2012
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vol. 43
75-85
EN
In the 16th century the custom of putting dedications in printed books spread widely. They quickly became a conventional form of writing, serving as an advertisement and decoration, and often stressing the bond between the author and his patron. Apart from literary aspects and gestures of gratitude, dedications normally were not selfless. Their aim was often to elicit a particular profit - for example compensation for incurred costs or time - as a token of the addressee’s appreciation. The problem lies in determining the actual amount of this appreciation. The account book of Gdańsk, the biggest Polish city of the 16th and 17th centuries, comes to our aid. In books of the city’s budget expenses, we can find notes on funds spent on dedications written for the city council, the mayor, or the whole city. Despite the brevity of entries, we can easily make a correlation between tenths of dated notes on the amount of payments, and particular publications and their authors. In the lists of those awarded we can find the names of famous as well as completely unknown people from Gdańsk, Poland, and abroad. This publication is the result of an introductory query into several volumes of the city’s accountancy. Materials from Gdańsk’s municipal treasury, without any major deficiency, are well preserved from the end of the 17th century to the Second Partition of Poland, when Gdańsk was seized by Prussia. It is a fact that more detailed studies of accountancy mentions would result in a deeper understanding of extra-literary aspects of the custom of dedications in Gdańsk itself, and in the Poland of that era.
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Remuneration for Works Dedicated or Donated to the City Council of Gdańsk in the 17th century

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Kizik E.
Polish Libraries
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2014
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vol. 2
167-179
EN
In the 16th century the custom of putting dedications in printed books spread widely. They quickly became a conventional form of writing, serving as an ad¬vertisement and decoration, and often stressing the bond between the author and his patron. Apart from literary aspects and gestures of gratitude, dedications normally were not selfless. Their aim was often to elicit a particular profit – for example compensation for incurred costs or time - as a token of the addressee’s appreciation. The problem lies in determining the actual amount of this appre¬ciation. The account book of Gdańsk, the biggest Polish city of the 16th and 17th centuries, comes to our aid. In books of the city’s budget expenses, we can find notes on funds spent on dedications written for the city council, the mayor, or the whole city. Despite the brevity of entries, we can easily make a correlation between tenths of dated notes on the amount of payments, and particular publi¬cations and their authors. In the lists of those awarded we can find the names of famous as well as completely unknown people from Gdańsk, Poland, and abroad. This publication is the result of an introductory query into several volumes of the city’s accountancy. Materials from Gdańsk’s municipal treasury, without any major deficiency, are well preserved from the end of the 17th century to the Sec¬ond Partition of Poland, when Gdańsk was seized by Prussia. It is a fact that more detailed studies of accountancy mentions would result in a deeper understanding of extra-literary aspects of the custom of dedications in Gdańsk itself, and in the Poland of that era.
4
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The Chronicles and Memoirs of a Gdańsk Merchant and the Official of St. Mary’s Church, Eberhard Bötticher (1554–1617)

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Kizik E., Zawadka B.
Studia Maritima
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2011
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vol. 24
47-62
PL
Eberhard Bötticher (1554–1617), gdański kupiec i witryk w farze miejskiej (kościół NMP), znany jest historykom przede wszystkim jako autor Historisches Kirchen-Register, obszernej kroniki kościoła Mariackiego na tle dziejów miasta – od założenia świątyni aż do 1616 roku. Obecnie autograf kroniki (w zbiorach Biblioteki Gdańskiej PAN), który był wielokrotnie kopiowany w XVII i XVIII wieku, przygotowywany jest do krytycznej edycji przez zespół w składzie: Christofer Herrmann z Instytutu Historii Sztuki Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, który był równocześnie pomysłodawcą prac nad krytycznym wydaniem Kirchen-Register; Edmund Kizik z Instytutu Historii PAN i Instytutu Historii Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego; oraz Jürgen Kloosterhuis, dyrektor Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz w Berlinie-Dahlem. Prace edytorskie stały się okazją do nieco bliższego przyjrzenia się samej postaci Böttichera oraz prezentacji jego spuścizny kronikarskiej i pamiętnikarskiej. W niniejszym artykule zebrano informacje na ten samego kronikarza oraz jego znaczącego dorobku. Oprócz Historisches Kirchen-Register (ss. 547 + 24) należy wymienić związany z tym dziełem zbiór komentowanych dokumentów (Historische Declaration, Historische Erklärung – zachowane w nowszych odpisach). Materiały te mają bardzo dużą wartość dla poznania toczących się na przełomie XVI i XVII wieku sporów na tle wewnętrznego rozłamu w łonie gdańskiego protestantyzmu na zwolenników luteranizmu i kalwinizmu oraz między Radą Miejską Gdańska a biskupem włocławskim i królem o prawa patronackie do kościoła farnego. Poza zapiskami publicznymi Bötticher pozostawił po sobie również dwa tomy obszernych zapisków pamiętnikarskich – autografy przechowywane są w zbiorach Archiwum Państwowego w Gdańsku (t. 1: Memorial oder Gedenckbuch) oraz Biblioteki Gdańskiej PAN (t. 2: Der andere Theil des Eberhard Bötchers Chronica). Pierwszy tom, rozpoczęty na przełomie 1577 i 1578 roku, obejmuje lata 1516–1583 i stanowi kompilację historii Gdańska z zapiskami o pochodzeniu rodziny, dzieciństwie Böttichera, jego kawalerskiej młodości oraz początkach kupieckiej kariery zawodowej. W tomie drugim, doprowadzonym do marca 1595 roku, znajdujemy szczegółowy opis pierwszych lat małżeństwa, rozmaitych kłopotów rodzinnych (z reguły na tle toczącej się latami sprawy spadkowej siostry) oraz pierwszych kroków w działalności publicznej autora jako przedstawiciela pospólstwa, czyli Trzeciego Ordynku. Oba tomy liczą w sumie ok. 1200 stron, w tym liczne druki, odpisy innych źródeł. Doprowadzony do 1595 roku pamiętnik Eberharda Böttichera stanowi bez wątpienia, obok zapisków kronikarskich, nietuzinkowe świadectwo życia i światopoglądu zamożnego i ustosunkowanego obywatela Gdańska w burzliwej dla miasta drugiej połowie XVI wieku. Pamiętnik Böttichera doskonale uzupełnia zapiski Martina Grunewega, innego gdańszczanina żyjącego na przełomie XVI i XVII wieku. Dostarcza badaczom bezpośrednich informacji o źródłach oraz charakterze wiedzy mieszczanina, jego stosunku do bieżących wydarzeń religijnych i politycznych, i to w skali zarówno lokalnej, jak i ogólnoeuropejskiej. Sposób, w jaki autor opisał dzieje swojej rodziny, młodość, początki kariery kupieckiej oraz publicznej, z pewnością stanie się przedmiotem analitycznych studiów. Po zakończeniu prac nad edycją Historisches Kirchen-Register warto byłoby rozważyć choćby częściową edycję pamiętników Böttichera.
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Rainer Zacharias, Evangelische Kirchengeschichte für die Stadt Marienburg 1526 bis 1945. Entwicklungsstufen einer Glaubenslandschaft

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Kizik E.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2022
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vol. 87
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issue 3
162-166
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Gdański medal jubileuszowy z okazji trzechsetlecia inkorporacji Prus do Polski w roku 1754

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Kizik E.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2012
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vol. 77
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issue 2
79-91
EN
The cultivation of the memory about the victorious battle with the Teutonic Order in Gdańsk historiography of the 16th-18th centuries constituted an important element of Gdańsk inhabitants’ identity. According to this tradition, in 1754 the city authorities of Gdańsk commemorated the 300th anniversary of the collapse of the power of the Teutonic Order and the incorporation of Prussia into Poland in 1454. Apart from organizing official celebrations and giving solemn speeches, another characteristic element of public celebrations in the early modern period became minting medals. In Gdańsk the city financed minting gold and silver medals to commemorate special events. Jubilee celebrations appear in the literature of the subject. That is why the aim of the article is the analysis of records included in Gdańsk account book for the year 1754/1755, which allow us to reconstruct unknown circumstances of minting the jubilee medal. Thanks to the research the author of the project was found and identified (Johann Donnet). What is more, it was revealed how many coins were minted and how high costs the city bore for this. From the collected precious ore there were minted 286 silver coins and 5 gold coins, which were given away to the most important people in the Gdańsk and in the country. The circle of people honoured by the jubilee medal reflected the hierarchy of power in Gdańsk. This costly form of the patronage of the city constituted also a hidden form of remuneration for politicians. Giving away medals was included in the costs of making politics, which required meeting the expectations created in the second half of the 17th and the 18th centuries. The magnitude of the expenses is considerable, for despite serious debts Gdańsk paid for minting medals the big sum of 15 853 florins, which constituted the sum of money comparable with annual expenses on the maintenance of the local garrison (14 391 florins).
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Konstruowanie przeszłości. Powstanie ludowego ubioru kaszubskiego w pierwszej połowie XX wieku

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Kizik E.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2021
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vol. 86
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issue 1
111-146
EN
The attire characteristic for peasants was described by ethnographers from the early nineteenth century, and the interest in folklore itself transformed from amateur item collecting to an academic discipline, namely ethnography. Researchers were intrigued by hand-made folk costumes, which contrasted with the factory-made clothing of the urban population. As the political importance of the peasantry grew, stylised folk costumes became an element of regional and ethnic identity. The motif of peasant culture found its way into global literature and the folk elements into political propaganda of the twentieth century. At the same time the origin of folk costumes and their design arouses controversy among researchers. Are they reconstructions of the past or perhaps ideologically motivated constructs? The article presents this issue on the example of a Kashubian costume created according to the concept of Professor Bożena Stelmachowska (1889–1956). On the basis of previously unexplored descriptions of peasants’ appearance contained in arrest warrants from the first half of the nineteenth century, the sources and research paradigm, which became a basis for the creation of the model Kashubian attire in 1954–1959, have been subjected to criticism. The concept adopted by the older scholarship was not confirmed as no primary sources (material artifacts, iconographic representations, written descriptions, etc.) were found. The similarity of clothes worn by Kashubians with clothes worn by other peasants was demonstrated, and so was the influence of military uniforms on men’s clothes. The model of Kashubian costume proposed by Stelmachowska should be treated as an intellectual construction that reflects certain trends in folklore studies of the time and a response to ideological and propaganda needs that arose in Pomerania after 1945.
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Pomoc finansowa protestanckiego Gdańska dla współwyznawców w kraju i zagranicą w XVII i XVIII wieku

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Kizik E.
Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce
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2019
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vol. 63
PL
Gdańsk w 1557 r. oficjalnie wybrał ścieżkę reformacji i obronił swoją autonomię wyznaniową przez cały okres nowożytny. Trwająca od schyłku XVI w. kontrreforma Kościoła katolickiego znacząco ograniczyła zasięg protestantyzmu zarówno w całej Rzeczypospolitej, jak i w różnych państwach europejskich. Gdańsk dzięki wyjątkowej pozycji gospodarczej oraz politycznej w XVII–XVIII w. pełnił funkcję jednego z najważniejszych ośrodków finansujących lub wspomagających gminy luterańskie nie tylko w Polsce i Europie, ale nawet w Turcji i koloniach zamorskich. Pieniądze były zbierane w czasie publicznych kolekt, ewentualnie przekazywane z budżetu miasta. Artykuł na podstawie źródeł archiwalnych zbiera przykłady pomocy udzielanej współwyznawcom przez gdańszczan oraz analizuje sposoby zdobywania na to środków pieniężnych.
EN
In 1557 Gdańsk officially accepted Reformation and defended its religious autonomy throughout the modern period. The Counter-Reform of the Catholic Church, lasting from the end of the sixteenth century, significantly limited the scope of Protestantism both in the entire Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and in various European countries. Thanks to its unique economic and political position in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Gdańsk served as one of the most important centres financing or supporting Lutheran communities not only in Poland and Europe, but also in Turkey and overseas colonies. The money was raised during public collections, or possibly transferred from the city budget. The article, based on archival sources, gathers examples of aid given to fellow believers by the inhabitants of Gdańsk and analyses the ways of raising money.
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Zapiski historyczne gdańszczanina Eberharda Böttichera (1554-1617). Addenda et corrigenda

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Kizik E.
Roczniki Historyczne
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2015
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vol. 81
EN
Historische Aufzeichnungen des Danzigers Eberhard Bötticher (1554-1617)Addenda et corrigendaZusammenfassung2013 erschien die von Christofer Herrmann und Edmund Kizik erstellte Edition der Chronik der Marienkirche in Danzig (Historisches Kirchen-Register), die 1616 von Eberhard Bötticher niedergeschrieben worden war. Erst nach der Veröffentlichung dieser Edition stieß ich im Bestand Bibliotheca Archivi (Sign. 300, R/Ce, 30) des Staatsarchivs Danzig auf einen Band, der die sorgfältig geführten Aufzeichnungen Böttichers aus den Jahren 1595-1600 enthält. Diese wurden in der bisherigen Forschung nicht benutzt, weshalb dies mit dem vorliegenden Beitrag nachgeholt werden soll. Bei den Aufzeichnungen handelt es sich nicht um die Fortsetzung des Tagebuchs Böttichers. Der Autor berichtet hier vor allem über die Verhandlungen zwischen dem Stadtrat, der Schöffenbank und den Vertretern wohlhabender Bürger. Sie betreffen verschiedene Probleme wirtschaftlich-rechtlicher, religiöser und politischer Natur. Diese Notizen, die Bötticher auch bei der Abfassung seines Kirchen-Registers benutzt hatte, stellen eine wertvolle Quelle für das Selbstverständnis von Bürgern dar, die sich am Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts in das politische Leben Danzigs einbringen wollten. Historical notes of Eberhard Bötticher (1554-1617) of GdańskAddenda et corrigendaAbstractIn 2013 an edition of the chronicle of St. Mary’s Church in Gdańsk (Historisches Kirchen Register) – originally written by Eberhard Bötticher in 1616 – was published by Christofer Herrmann and Edmund Kizik. After it appeared, I accidentally found in the State Archive in Gdańsk (shelf number 300, R/Cc, 30) a volume containing systematic notes made by Bötticher for the years 1595-1600. So far, they have not been used by scholars. Those note are not a continuation of Bötticher’s diary. The author concentrates on relating the negotiations between the city council, the city bench and representatives of wealthy burghers. The notes, which were used by Bötticher for writing his Kirchen Register, are a valuable source for reconstructing the attitudes of burghers attempting to enter the political life of Gdańsk at the end of the sixteenth century.
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Ratusze wielkich miast Prus Królewskich w publicznych świętach władzy w XVI–XVIII wieku. Uwagi na marginesie projektu badawczego

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Kizik E.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
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2014
|
vol. 74
PL
Town halls in large towns in Royal Prussia on public holidays in the 16th–18th century. Marginal notes on the research project(Summary) This text was written as marginal notes to a research project, the aim of which is a comprehensive reconstruction of public ceremonies in large towns of Royal Prussia from the 15th to the early 19th century. Based on literature on the subject and archival sources and old texts, the author, after undertaking an initial characterization of public ceremonies in Prussian towns, focused on the role of town halls as centres for organizing these ceremonies. The ceremonial role of town halls in the early day of their being annexed to Poland increased, as the former centres of authority – the Teutonic castles – were completely destroyed by the townspeople in the year of Prussia’s incorporation into Poland (1454), which prevented their being used as residences of the Polish kings. At the same time, the municipal councils of Gdańsk and Elbląg, despite the commitments made, failed to actually build royal residences within their walls. The issue of not erecting a royal residence in Gdańsk – the most important Prussian town – continued with varying intensity for more than 300 years until the town joined the Kingdom of Prussia as a result of the second partition of Poland (1793). In such a situation, when Polish royalty visited the towns, they were accommodated in the town halls which fulfilled the role of substitute residences. However, the town halls in Gdańsk and Elbląg, due to lack of space, inadequate infrastructure and changes in the ceremonial etiquette from the second half of the 16th century, ceased to act as royal residences. From that time onwards residences were improvised for royalty and their courts in the adjacent townhouses of the patricians, which were rented out and adapted for that purpose. It was only in Toruń, that the large town hall, extended in the 17th century, performed the function of a royal residence until its destruction as a result of being bombarded by the Swedes in 1703. The town halls however retained part of their state ceremonial functions. The largest rooms, which could accommodate not only all the members of the municipal authorities but also official guests, were used as audience halls, to receive representatives of the king and ambassadors on diplomatic visits. In these rooms, as in other royal towns, galleries were established with portraits of Polish kings as well as paintings depicting the history of Poland and Prussia. Apart from highlighting the royal patronage, the symbolism of the painted decorations was also used to manifest the towns’ independence from the decisions of the Sejm (Parliament), whose competencies were questioned in Royal Prussia. The most important and well-documented ceremonies in which the town halls played a central role were those which involved paying homage to newly-crowned Polish kings. In the 17th and 18th centuries the bishops of Włocławek, who represented the king, usually received homage on behalf of the ruler, whose presence was symbolically marked by a painting of him propped up on an elevated throne. If members of the council and the rank and fi le met in the main rooms of the town hall, the remaining townspeople gathered on the market square near the town hall. From the beginning of Sigismund III Vasa’s rule, the ceremony of paying homage proceeded in a manner which remained unchanged until the end of the Early Modern period of the Polish state.
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Introduction. The Life and Academic Activity of Professor Maria Bogucka (1929–2020)

100%
Kizik E.
Acta Poloniae Historica
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2023
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vol. 127
5-15
12
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Early Modern Gdańsk in Maria Bogucka’s Research

100%
Kizik E.
Acta Poloniae Historica
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2023
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vol. 127
73-95
EN
Research on the socio-economic history of early modern Gdańsk marked the various stages of Maria Bogucka’s research career, from her doctorate in 1955 to full professorship in 1981. She came from the research grouping of Marian Małowist, and her works, along with the contributions of other students from this circle, are among the most outstanding achievements of Polish historiography of the twentieth century. This article is devoted to discussing the most important Gdańsk-related works of Bogucka against the background of German-Polish controversies, which touched upon an assessment of the city’s role in the history of Poland.
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Badania nad historią pietyzmu na przełomie XVII i XVIII wieku. Uwagi w związku z monografią Liliany Lewandowskiej

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Kizik E., Ptaszyński M.
Kwartalnik Historyczny
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2023
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vol. 130
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issue 3
603-636
EN
The article polemicises with Liliana Lewandowska’s analysis of the disputes over pietism in Gdańsk. Referring to the latest state of research on pietism, the authors argue for a broader use of available archival sources and a reconstruction of the historical context: considering the international situation, the politics of the city council, the balance of political forces in Gdańsk, and the public reaction to the polemics.
PL
Artykuł jest polemiką z analizą sporów wokół pietyzmu w Gdańsku przedstawioną przez Lilianę Lewandowską. Autorzy, odnosząc się do najnowszego stanu badań nad pietyzmem, postulują szersze wykorzystanie dostępnych źródeł archiwalnych oraz rekonstrukcję historycznego kontekstu: uwzględnienie sytuacji międzynarodowej, polityki Rady Miejskiej, układu sił politycznych w Gdańsku, a także reakcji społecznych na polemiki.
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