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Graeco opere w królewskim teatrze władzy Władysława Jagiełły. Wprowadzenie do badań

100%
Walkowiak M.
Res Historica
|
2019
|
issue 48
EN
The Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło requested the creation of a set of Byzantine wall paintings, described by the historian Jan Długosz as graeco opere, pictura graeca or sculptura graeca. The paintings were located in places of particular political and religious significance for the Kingdom of Poland. Byzantine painting decoration was thoughtfully adapted to Gothic interiors.The scientific reflection on Jagiellonian polychromes, conducted for over 150 years, still does not give full clarity as to the reasons for this unique artistic synthesis. Given the current state of knowledge about the role of art in the Middle Ages, the concept of the King’s private predilection for Byzantine-Ruthenian painting, well established in the Polish medieval studies, is no longer convincing.The author of this paper believes that this issue calls for new questions and a fresh research perspective. The study analyses the paintings in question in the context of the backdrop of the King’s political theology and the importance of art in shaping the image of the monarch in the Late Middle Ages. On the basis of the latest historical research, the author presents King Władysław II Jagiełło primarily as an effective ruler and competent politician rather than an art enthusiast.
PL
Z inicjatywy króla polskiego Władysława Jagiełły wykonano zespół bizantyńskich malowideł ściennych, które Jan Długosz określa w swoich dziełach terminami: graeco opere, pictura graeca lub sculptura graeca. Malowidła te powstały w miejscach o szczególnym polityczno-religijnym znaczeniu dla Królestwa Polskiego a bizantyńską dekorację malarską dostosowano w przemyślany sposób do wnętrz gotyckich. Naukowa refleksja poświęcona jagiellońskim polichromiom, prowadzona od przeszło 150 lat, nadal nie daje pełnej jasności co do przyczyn tej oryginalnej syntezy artystycznej. Ugruntowana w polskiej mediewistyce teza o prywat­nych upodobaniach króla Władysława Jagiełły do malarstwa bizantyńsko-ruskiego, wydaje się przy obecnym stanie wiedzy o roli sztuki w średniowieczu, tezą nie przekonującą. W opinii autora prezentowanego tekstu, przedstawiony wyżej problem wymaga postawienia nowych pytań i odświeżenia perspektywy badawczej. Autor, w swoich badaniach, analizuje omawiane malowidła przez pryzmat królewskiej teologii politycznej i znaczenia sztuki w procesie kształtowaniu wizerunku późnośredniowiecznego monarchy. Korzystając z najnowszych badań i ustaleń historyków, postrzega króla Władysława Jagiełłę przede wszystkim jako skutecznego i sprawnego polityka, a nie miłośnika sztuki.
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Responsive Space Assets for Polish Armed Forces: Feasibility Study

45%
Kiszkowiak Ł., Olejnik A., Rogólski R., Walkowiak M., Zalewski P.
Safety & Defense
|
2022
|
vol. 1
EN
This study proposes an alternative (i.e., air-assisted) system for launching payloads (micro-satellites) into space using rockets fired from Su-22 or MiG-29 combat aircraft . This paper verifies and evaluates such an air-assisted rocket system used for launching payloads to low Earth orbit (LEO) in many aspects. Mission profile and rocket drop maneuver concepts have been developed. From the adopted model of calculations and simulation results, it follows that in the considered configuration, the aforementioned aircraft will be capable of accomplishing a mission in which a payload of at least 10 kg is launched into low Earth orbit. The analyses were complemented by simulations and wind tunnel tests verifying the impact that space rockets may exert on the aerodynamic and mechanical properties of the carrier aircraft . Results of numerical simulations and wind tunnel tests to which models of the air-assisted rocket launching system were subjected indicate the rocket’s impact on the aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft and its in-flight properties is negligible. Similarly, load and strength tests to which the airframe’s load-bearing structures have been subjected also failed to show any significant changes or deformations caused by the space rockets attached. The kits proposed may be deemed as the so-called Responsive Space Assets for the Polish Armed Forces. Implementation of such a system not only offers independence from countries or commercial companies providing space services but also allows us to master new capabilities in the context of deploying satellite systems for safety and defense purposes.
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