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EN
Post-crisis bank regulations recognised the need for a creation of a formalized resolution framework which would allow for an efficient resolution of troubled banks, with no or limited use of public funds. However, the resolution schemes are based on complex procedures, which aim at balancing the interests of different stakeholders. The purpose of this paper is to identify and assess the key elements of the resolution framework under the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM) and the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD), concentrating on the bail-in tool. In particular, the paper attempts to demonstrate that there are some serious economic and social problems, when the resolution procedures are applied to local and regional banks, such as the cooperative sector, illustrating it with the bank resolution experience in Italy.
EN
Zainteresowanie ryzykiem reputacyjnym jest problemem stosunkowo nowym, gdyż ryzyko to nie było początkowo ujęte w regulacjach bankowych. Dopiero okres po kryzysie 2008 r. przyniósł wzrost zainteresowania tym ryzykiem. Celem artykułu jest więc prześledzenie źródeł i konsekwencji problemów związanych z ryzykiem reputacyjnym, szczególnie w kontekście drastycznego spadku zaufania do banków na rynku globalnym w okresie pokryzysowym. Artykuł koncentruje się na analizie różnic w definiowaniu tego pojęcia i problemów metodologicznych z jego pomiarem. W części empirycznej artykuł przedstawia propozycję pomiaru ryzyka reputacyjnego dla banków giełdowych Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej na podstawie samodzielnie skonstruowanego indeksu opartego na perspektywie ważnych interesariuszy. Do badania wykorzystano model panelowy, który analizuje wpływ indeksu na kompleksową ocenę banków giełdowych w krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej.
PL
Reputational risk is a relatively new concept, as it was not initially included in banking regulations. Only the post-crisis period brought about an increased interest in this type of risk. The purpose of this article is therefore to trace the sources and the consequences of reputational risk, in the context of the post-crisis drop in confidence in the banking sector. The paper focuses on the differences in the definition of the term and on methodological problems with its measurement. The empirical part proposes a new approach to measuring the reputational risk, on the basis of the reputational index constructed from the perspective of important stakeholders. The panel models analyze the impact of the index on bank performance in CEE.
EN
The global financial crisis of 2008 highlighted the riskiness of the pre-crisis bank model and demonstrated that in many cases the benefits of diversification from traditional banking have been overstated. With countless cases of nationalization or forced takeovers of failing banks, questions have been raised as to the proper size and scope of banking activities. Retail banking carried out by locally-based, small institutions, such as credit unions, mutual savings banks, building societies or cooperative banks, has for years played an important role in local environments, enhancing bank reputation and trust. The financial crisis has highlighted the advantages of alternative business models of banks, aimed not only at maximizing short-term profits but also at the fulfillment of some social objectives; thus the aim of the paper is to analyze the position and challenges for the cooperative banking sector, based on the Polish experience
EN
Interest in reputational risk as a self-standing type of risk is relatively new. The research is driven not so much by regulatory requirements, but by stakeholders’ interest. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to trace the sources of reputational risk and consequences of the problems associated with a bank’s negative reputation. The paper focuses on the differences in the definitions and methodological problems of its measurement. The empirical part proposes a new index measuring reputational risk, based on the perspectives of important stakeholders. The panel models analyse the impact of the index on bank performance in CEE.
EN
The aim of this paper was to analyze the long term impact of the 2007-2009 global financial crisis on the banking sectors of CEE countries, in particular in analyzing the consequences of the crisis on bank stability, efficiency and lending policies. Analyzing bank performance and stability, the paper suggests adding a new analytical tool in analyzing risk-adjusted performance: the Multi Level Performance (MLP) Score. The 2008 crisis has illustrated how devastating for the economy the credit crunch could be and how important anti-cyclical lending is for both consumers and businesses. Consequently, in the empirical section the paper analyzes whether the overall performance of the CEE banking sectors, measured, among others, by the MLP Score, was important for loan growth. For the empirical analysis, the paper uses an adjusted dataset on eleven Central and East European Countries (CEE), members of the EU, based on the Bankscope database, employing panel data models for unconsolidated banking data for the 2004-2014 period.
EN
In many countries, including Poland, cooperative banks have survived the global financial crisis relatively well. However, many empirical studies conducted in the post-crisis period have indicated that it could be a short-term advantage, associated with a traditional business model, rather than the long-term trend of cooperative banks’ stabilizing impact on the banking sector. This problem is particularly important for the credit market, as cooperative banks are an important vehicle in financing local businesses. The article therefore aims at answering this question by analyzing factors affecting stability of cooperative banks in the period 2010–2013, as measured by the Z-score index, the level of capitalization and non-performing loans. The results of the panel model and statistical data analysis confirmed also on the Polish market that the cooperative sector plays a stabilizing role in the crisis, but not necessarily in the post-crisis period.
PL
W wielu krajach, w tym w Polsce, banki spółdzielcze przetrwały globalny kryzys finansowy stosunkowo dobrze. Jednak wiele analiz empirycznych przeprowadzonych w okresie pokryzysowym wskazało, że mogła to być przewaga raczej krótkookresowa, związana z bezpiecznym modelem biznesowym, niż długookresowa tendencja stabilizującego wpływu banków spółdzielczych na sektor bankowy. Problem ten jest szczególnie istotny dla rynku kredytowego, gdyż banki spółdzielcze są ważnym wehikułem w finansowaniu lokalnych przedsiębiorstw. W artykule podjęto więc próbę odpowiedzi na to pytanie, analizując czynniki wpływające na stabilność banków spółdzielczych w okresie 2010–2013, mierzoną poprzez indeks Z-score, poziom kapitału i kredyty nieregularne. Wyniki badania panelowego i analizy danych statystycznych potwierdziły także na rynku polskim, że sektor spółdzielczy odgrywał stabilizującą rolę w czasie kryzysu, natomiast niekoniecznie w okresie pokryzysowym.
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