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Employee Participation in Profit and Ownership – Impact on Work Efficiency

100%
Kozłowski M.
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
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2013
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vol. 16
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issue 1
71-86
EN
In the vast theoretical literature, a number of arguments have been put forward in favor of employee financial participation schemes. Although traditionally the main arguments were spurred by objectives such as greater equality in the distribution of income and wealth and improving relations between workers and capitalist owners, today employee financial participation schemes are considered as part of industrial relations based on innovative managerial strategies and more flexible remuneration policies, which should ultimately result in increased enterprise efficiency. Because share ownership and profit sharing schemes are undoubtedly the most popular schemes, emphasis has been put on showing the multidimensional relationships between employee financial ownership and economic results, as well as on proving that the relationship between employee ownership and productivity involves an inherently complex interaction. The purpose of this paper is to present selected views and attitudes toward the relationship between employee participation and company results. The theoretical view and empirical research both indicate that after many years of conducting empirical research on the benefits resulting from the implementation of financial participation plans, the information provided, almost entirely by reports, is not yet sufficient to make any unequivocal conclusions concerning the influence on the results (productivity) achieved by companies. Obtaining such a consensus is additionally hindered because of the lack of clear-cut data concerning the extent to which implemented participation schemes contribute to changes in financial results. In conclusion, both the previous theory as well as the research conducted so far do not convincingly explain the relationship between financial participation schemes and the results achieved owing to their implementation, which demonstrates that there is a need to conduct further research in this field. In this case any empirical approach should concentrate on qualitative, not quantitative research, the latter of which, although broad based, does not identify the above mentioned relationships precisely enough. Another conclusion that can be drawn is the necessity to conduct further research based on larger samples of companies, taking into account the specificity of their business and working environment. It seems that some other aspects should be also taken into consideration, such as the type of the financial participation scheme introduced, because this decision may also have an influence on future results. Research should begin a long time prior to the introduction of a scheme in the company, which would allow for making future comparisons and evaluations of the influence of a given scheme on productivity.
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The Relationship Between Workers’ Financial Participation in Companies and Economic Results

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Kozłowski M.
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
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2014
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vol. 17
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issue 1
167-191
EN
It is known that workers’ financial participation, primarily in the form of wider participation of employees in profits and ownership, has been used in enterprises from many years, but in practice the period of implementation of different forms of financial participation has taken place only in the last four decades. Workers’ participation in decision-making has a longer tradition, so it is well described in the literature, and its impact on the results achieved by companies are known through the many research projects conducted by researchers around the world and through detailed reports. Financial participation has not been the focus of so many papers, so the knowledge and information from this area is incomplete. This is because of the lack of comprehensive studies on the various forms of participation, their irregularity, the lack of cooperation between states in the exchange of information concerning the number of implemented solutions, etc. Of course, it is not possible to include all of the companies in research and the results cannot be generalized due to the different conditions and selection criteria in particular countries. Also, the ambiguous interpretation of the term “financial participation” by different authors and different institutions does not allow for setting up and developing the output database necessary to conduct the research and carry out comparisons. In the literature, programs of financial participation are treated as an incentive system, without taking into account the wider context and the relationships between these programmes and the results achieved by the company. This contribution aims to give some theoretical and scientific examples, which, by virtue of their nature and severity can contribute to the possible diverse research solutions to the problems facing businesses, especially in today's dynamic, global economy. After forty years of empirical research on the benefits of the implementation of various programmes of financial participation, the information provided, in principle, only in the form of reports, is not sufficient to express opinions on the development of forms of participation. At the same time, it is concluded that the programmes of financial participation have had a positive effect on the results achieved by companies, especially in terms of social benefits. Arriving at the above opinion has been additionally impeded by the different attitudes of the social partners to the issue of participation and participatory approaches, the absence of explicit data showing the relationship between implemented financial schemes and financial results, changes in the competitive position of enterprises, etc. The outlined theory concerning how the workers’ ownership affects economic performance achieved by a company unfortunately has not changed. This article is not to bring about fundamental changes, but to find new threads or directions of deliberation.
PL
Partycypacja finansowa pracowników, znana głównie pod postacią szeroko rozumianego udziału pracowników w zyskach oraz własności przedsiębiorstw, jest jak wiadomo, stosowana w przedsiębiorstwach od bardzo wielu lat, jednak koncentrując uwagę na czasach współczesnych, okres wdrażania rozwiązań z zakresu partycypacji finansowej to zaledwie 4 ostatnie dekady. Udział pracowników w podejmowaniu decyzji ma dłuższą tradycję, dzięki czemu został dosyć szczegółowo opisany w literaturze, a jego wpływ na wyniki osiągane przez przedsiębiorstwa nie podlega w zasadzie dyskusji i jest znany dzięki wielu badaniom prowadzonym przez naukowców na całym świecie i szczegółowym raportom. Partycypacja finansowa nie doczekała się tylu opracowań, toteż wiedza i informacja z tego zakresu są niepełne. Przyczyną tego stanu rzeczy jest m.in. brak kompleksowych badań na temat poszczególnych form partycypacji finansowej, ich nieregularność, brak współpracy pomiędzy państwami w zakresie wymiany informacji dotyczącej ilości wdrażanych rozwiązań partycypacyjnych itp. Oczywiście należy zdawać sobie sprawę, że objęcie badaniami wszystkich przedsiębiorstw nie jest możliwe, a uogólnianie wyników na wszystkie przedsiębiorstwa i wszystkie kraje nie wydaje się wskazane z racji odmiennych uwarunkowań i kryteriów doboru. Niejednoznaczna interpretacja terminu „partycypacja finansowa” przez różnych autorów i różne instytucje również nie pozwala na stworzenie i opracowanie wyjściowej bazy zmiennych, niezbędnej do prowadzenia badań i dokonywania porównań. Niejednokrotnie programy partycypacji finansowej traktowane są w literaturze jako element systemu motywacyjnego bez szerszego kontekstu i zależności pomiędzy tymi programami a rezultatami osiąganymi przez przedsiębiorstwa. Wszystko to powoduje, że celowe wydaje się zasygnalizowanie pewnych wątków teoretycznych i badawczych, które z racji swojej istoty i ważności mogą uzupełnić lukę informacyjną i przyczynić się do ewentualnej zmiany kierunku poszukiwań rozwiązań problemów stojących przed przedsiębiorstwami, zwłaszcza w dobie dynamicznej, globalnej gospodarki, stawiającej przed firmami nowe wyzwania. Po około czterdziestu latach prowadzenia badań empirycznych na temat korzyści z tytułu wdrażania programów partycypacji finansowej, informacje dostarczane w zasadzie tylko w formie raportów z badań nie są wystarczające do podjęcia jednoznacznej opinii na temat rozwoju form partycypacji finansowej, chociaż jednocześnie stwierdza się, że programy partycypacji finansowej wywierają pozytywny wpływ na rezultaty osiągane przez przedsiębiorstwa, zwłaszcza, jeżeli chodzi o rezultaty społeczne. Uzyskanie powyższej opinii jest dodatkowo utrudnione ze względu na wspomniany różny stosunek partnerów społecznych do problemu partycypacji i rozwiązań partycypacyjnych, brak jednoznacznych danych, na ile wdrażane programy finansowe przyczyniają się do zmiany wyników finansowych, zmiany pozycji konkurencyjnej przedsiębiorstw itp. Nakreślona teoria dotycząca tego, w jaki sposób własność pracownicza wpływa na wyniki ekonomiczne osiągane przez przedsiębiorstwa niestety nie zmieniła się. Oczywiście nie chodzi o to, aby zmieniła się diametralnie, ale o to, aby doszły nowe wątki lub zmienił się kierunek rozważań. Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie wybranych poglądów na temat postrzegania mechanizmów i zależności pomiędzy pracowniczą partycypacją finansową a wynikami przedsiębiorstw. Z racji, niewątpliwe większej popularności programów udziału we własności, skoncentrowano się na pokazaniu wielopłaszczyznowych zależności pomiędzy własnością pracowniczą, a osiągnięciami ekonomicznymi oraz wykazaniu, że mechanizmy oddziaływań własności pracowniczej na produktywność mają charakter złożonych interakcji.
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The premises of the development of the private sector in Poland - some conclusions

100%
Kozłowski M.
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
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2009
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vol. 12
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issue 4
77-94
EN
Processes of transformation in companies or more broadly the economic transformation is a part if a wider process of the systemic transformation. Within this process, a special place is held by the political system, although it should be remembered that these are changes in the economic system which will ultimately determine a success or failure of occurring changes. Parallel, there must be taking place changes in the social structure. These must both consolidate new structures or force out a slowdown in the speed of occurring changes, as well as demand a restoration of old solutions. In a longer time perspective, the preserving of political power will depend on the remodeling of economic system in accordance with the assumed conception, because any significant changes in this system may pave the way for the strengthening of political system. Hence, the speed of occurring transformations plays also an important role here.All this shows that the speed of changes. in the economy must be particularly well balanced and adapted to a concrete situation. Changes in social structures will be taking place at a similar speed enlarging various groups of persons interested in transformation processes. The transformation process will be successful if the main part of the society accepts the system of values corresponding to the new social system. The success of the deep restructuring of economic relations in our economy depends primarily on the effectiveness of the reform aimed to restructuring of ownership in all sectors. This requires a new approach to the prospects of private property growth, i.e. an approach unbiased by any doctrinal prejudices, as well as suggestions glorifying private property as a panacea to cure Poland's economy. The Polish economy is characterised both by objective and subjective premises in the development of the private sector and a strong motivation of individuals to launch their own business activities in this sector.
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Świat przed Zagładą. Tajemnica istnienia archiwalnego obrazu filmowego we współczesnej strukturze filmowej na przykładzie filmu Po-lin. Okruchy pamięci Jolanty Dylewskiej

100%
Kozłowski M.
Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication
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2015
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vol. 17
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issue 26
225-235
EN
The World Before the Shoah: The Mystery of Archival Film Footage As Part of Contemporary Cinematic Structure Based on the Example of Jolanta Dylewska’s Po-Lin. Remains of Memory The text is an analysis of the composition of archival footage in contemporary documentary film. It presents artistic strategies concerning visual narration used in the film. From this perspective, it also describes the cinematic image of the provincial world of Jewish culture in Poland before II World War as captured by Jewish amateur cinematographers in their home movies, and how the same place is filmed nowadays. The mutual relationship between two visual layers is also interesting: archival footage and contemporary film and the meanings that arise as a result. Among the elements of visual film language are representations showing the metamorphosis of the place of action that occurred as a result of the passage of time and historical dramatic events. Also analyzed is the function of film close up in describing a wider context and portraits of witnesses who remember the world before the destruction of the Shoah.
PL
The World Before the Shoah: The Mystery of Archival Film Footage As Part of Contemporary Cinematic Structure Based on the Example of Jolanta Dylewska’s Po-Lin. Remains of Memory The text is an analysis of the composition of archival footage in contemporary documentary film. It presents artistic strategies concerning visual narration used in the film. From this perspective, it also describes the cinematic image of the provincial world of Jewish culture in Poland before II World War as captured by Jewish amateur cinematographers in their home movies, and how the same place is filmed nowadays. The mutual relationship between two visual layers is also interesting: archival footage and contemporary film and the meanings that arise as a result. Among the elements of visual film language are representations showing the metamorphosis of the place of action that occurred as a result of the passage of time and historical dramatic events. Also analyzed is the function of film close up in describing a wider context and portraits of witnesses who remember the world before the destruction of the Shoah.
5
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Wpływ programów partycypacji finansowej na rezultaty przedsiębiorstw – analiza przypadku

100%
Kozłowski M.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
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2013
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vol. LXXXIX (89)
245-262
EN
Wider and wider scope of research into the influence of participation on the results achieved by companies confirms the belief that the previous results are not satisfactory, and there is a need for conducting further, even deeper surveys which might contribute to drawing less ambiguous conclusions on the basis of the analyses carried out. It is also necessary to improve the definitions of particular forms of financial participation because their different interpretation by various research teams frequently results in obtaining results that differ considerably. This fact does not allow for evaluation of the real level of employees’ participation in those schemes, which in turn does not reflect the results achieved on the grounds of their introduction in companies. The previous research, although not very complex, show that using programs which allow for a participation of employees in profit and/or ownership is often connected with higher efficiency or other benefits achieved by companies and workers. The research into the employees’ attitudes generally show positive relationships between the implemented share ownership programs and employees’ attitudes and behaviors, although the strength of this relation is not very great, or in marginal cases there is absence of such a relation. It is impossible to draw more straightforward causal conclusions because of the cross-section information and short-term data panels. Additionally, there are only a few studies making use of long-term data panel in which it is possible to display positive effects in the longer run. Similar research conducted in the companies using profit sharing show a general, positive impact on efficiency and it is definitely stronger than in the case of employee share ownership schemes. Moreover, in the professional literature there is a shortage of studies which would analyze the mutual interaction of different schemes. One of a few such attempts are the research conducted by G. Braam and E. Poutsma, which make use of the international database of companies, including 5000 of the most important enterprises, which contains financial, marketing and other data. The research were conducted in the period 1992–2006 on the sample of 1878 companies, listed on the Dutch stock.
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Financial Participation In Poland In Comparison To Other Eu Countries / Partycypacja Finansowa W Polsce Na Tle Państw Ue

100%
Kozłowski M.
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
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2015
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vol. 18
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issue 3
59-79
EN
The success of the profound restructuring changes in the Polish economy depended mainly on the effectiveness of the reforms concerning the restructured properties in all sectors. This required a new approach to private property, determining the new role and place of employees in the process of changes and forming employee companies. Employee companies were formed as a result of direct privatization, so-called liquidation, when the equity of the enterprise is handed over for use with the right to the repurchase by the majority of employees of the established company (leasing). Prior to this privatization it was necessary to convince employees to purchase shares. One should keep in mind that this method turned out to be effective with respect to small and medium-sized enterprises, which didn't require the great financial outlays which were necessary for the privatization of larger companies. Initially it may be said that the conditions for implementing new solutions increasing the participation of employees in ownership, or their participation in other financial programs, are not very favourable. It is even possible to formulate the thesis that in Polish enterprises and amongst employees, peculiarly at the workshop level, there was an awareness barrier, which has made the process of further democratic changes rather difficult. Breaking this barrier can only take place after a certain time, when the employee as an owner begins to understand the economic significance of a dividend, picks up the habit of thinking in categories of an increase in goodwill, and realizes that this is transferred directly into an increase in the value of his or her assets.
PL
Powodzenie głębokich zmian restrukturyzacyjnych w polskiej gospodarce zależało głównie od skuteczności reformy dotyczącej restrukturyzacji własności we wszystkich sektorach. Wymagało to nowego podejścia do własności prywatnej, określenia nowej roli i miejsca pracowników w procesie zmian oraz tworzenia spółek pracowniczych. Spółki pracownicze powstawały w wyniku prywatyzacji bezpośredniej, tzw. likwidacyjnej, kiedy to majątek przedsiębiorstwa zostaje przekazany do odpłatnego korzystania z prawem wykupu spółce założonej przez większość pracowników danego przedsiębiorstwa (leasing). W celu przeprowadzenia tego typu prywatyzacji i zgromadzenia niezbędnego kapitału, ci, którzy inicjują proces, muszą przekonać pracowników do kupna udziałów. Należy pamiętać, że metoda ta okazała się skuteczna w stosunku do przedsiębiorstw małych i średnich, które nie wymagały uruchomienia tak znacznych środków finansowych, jak to miało miejsce przy prywatyzacji dużych przedsiębiorstw. Wstępnie można stwierdzić, że warunki do wprowadzania nowych rozwiązań w zakresie wzrostu udziału pracowników we własności czy partycypacji w innych programach finansowych są mało sprzyjające. Można nawet postawić tezę, że w polskich przedsiębiorstwach i wśród pracowników, szczególnie niższego szczebla istnieje świadomościowa bariera, utrudniająca proces dalszych zmian własnościowych czy wdrażania nowych form demokracji ekonomicznej w kierunku powstania nowego typu odpowiedzialności za firmę. Przełamanie tej bariery może nastąpić po pewnym czasie, kiedy to pracownik już jako właściciel zaczyna rozumieć ekonomiczny sens dywidendy, nabiera nawyku myślenia w kategoriach wzrostu wartości firmy, bo to przekłada się wprost na wzrost wartości jego akcji.
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