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Herezje Jana Gondowicza

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Schulz/Forum
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2014
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issue 4
109-118
PL
The essay is a review of Jan Gondowicz’s most recent book, Trans-Autentyk. Nie-czyste formy Brunona Schulza [Trans-Authentic. Bruno Schulz’s Im-pure Forms]. Most of the texts included in the volume focus on Schulz’s graphics and drawings. Gondowicz, a highly unconventional Schulz scholar, believes that they convey the cipher of the writer’s mythology by referring to a secret society from Drogobych, called “Kalleia,” which aimed to revive an ancient cult based on the sacred value of eroticism. This is the central hypothesis to be found in Gondowicz’s masterful essays, informing also his interpretations of some of Schulz’s short stories. Analyzing Schulz’s drawings, Gondowicz discovers in them traces of a crisis of the ineffable and their epiphanic potential, later articulated in fiction.
EN
The article is a cross-sectional study that analyses contemporary Polish poets’ metapoetic reflections on anthroponormative language and their ways of elaborating alternative ways of representing animals. They often unveil oppressive animalistic metaphors, i.a. writting as hunting, and create less obvious ones, for example the poem as an animal. This kind of image commits both the author and the reader of the poem to care – they are both somehow obligated not to objectify animals in their interpretations. By referring to poems (written by Magdalena Bielska, Stanisław Grochowiak, Ryszard Krynicki, Piotr Matywiecki, Krystyna Miłobędzka, Jacek Podsiadło, Wisława Szymborska, Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki) and inspiring essays by Tadeusz Sławek, the author of this article formulates and leads out a concept of post-koin. , which is a language critical towards any too narrow idea of the community (koin. ), the language of a new interspecies community, an inclusive language devoid of violence against animals.
PL
The article is a cross-sectional study that analyses contemporary Polish poets’ metapoetic reflections on anthroponormative language and their ways of elaborating alternative ways of representing animals. They often unveil oppressive animalistic metaphors, i.a. writting as hunting, and create less obvious ones, for example the poem as an animal. This kind of image commits both the author and the reader of the poem to care – they are both somehow obligated not to objectify animals in their interpretations. By referring to poems (written by Magdalena Bielska, Stanisław Grochowiak, Ryszard Krynicki, Piotr Matywiecki, Krystyna Miłobędzka, Jacek Podsiadło, Wisława Szymborska, Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki) and inspiring essays by Tadeusz Sławek, the author of this article formulates and leads out a concept of post-koine, which is a language critical towards any too narrow idea of the community (koine), the language of a new interspecies community, an inclusive language devoid of violence against animals.
PL
The main aim of the article is to conduct a comparison between the Armenian Genocide (1915) and the Hayırsızada Dog Massacre (1911). The second event is practically forgotten. Many people think that the story of how all the stray dogs in Istanbul were trapped and sent to a desert island, Sivriada, where they died due to hunger and thirst, is only a urban legend. However, it’s a historical fact, similar to the death marches of the Armenians. Both animals and people were killed in the same way – they were deported to a godforsaken territory and left there without any help. So one could say that the Hayırsızada Dog Massacre somehow foretold the Armenian Genocide. The author of this article refers to different works of art (such as Psy z Üsküdar/ The Dogs of Üsküdar – a joint work created by Joanna Rajkowska and Sebastian Cichocki, or Chienne d‘histoire – a short animation directed by Serge Avédikian, and several others), which try to remind us about the massacre of the homeless dogs in Istanbul. It is also worth mentioning that, in the descriptions of the massacres of Armenians which preceded the Armenian Genocide, associations with the killing of animals are very common.
EN
The study is mostly devoted to Renata Lis’s book entitled Lesbos. The essays composing the book, about three writers who refer in their work to Sappho to tell about homosexual identity, are complemented by a narration about the position of today’s refugees placed in the Lesbos camp. The sketch is an attempt to think of the opportunities brought by the poetry of essay, which allows us to extend our thought on the refugees’condition beyond the context of provisional problems and the language of publicity by confronting their experience with other forms of exclusion. The author invokes the existential meditation of Tadeusz Sławek, entitled U-chodzić, which is related by genre and raises similar issues, as well as the set of ornithological sketches by Stanisław Łubieński, entitled Dwanaście srok za ogon; in relation to the later work, the book shows that Lis’s intention should be extended by a non-anthropocentric dimension. Then the idea of an open interpersonal community is more complete, being an idea of a community of genres.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest przede wszystkim książce Renaty Lis pt. Lesbos. Składające się na nią eseje o trzech pisarkach odwołujących się w swojej twórczości do Safony, by opowiedzieć o tożsamości homoseksualnej, dopełnia narracja o sytuacji współczesnych uchodźców przebywających w obozie na wyspie Lesbos. Niniejszy szkic przynosi próbę namysłu nad możliwościami, jakie stwarza poetyka eseju, pozwalająca rozważyć kondycję uchodźców poza kontekstem doraźnych problemów, poza dominującym publicystycznym językiem, konfrontując to doświadczenie z innymi formami wykluczenia. Autorka artykułu przywołuje przy tym pokrewną gatunkowo i poruszającą podobne kwestie medytację egzystencjalną Tadeusza Sławka pt. U-chodzić oraz zbiór szkiców ornitologicznych Stanisława Łubieńskiego pt. Dwanaście srok za ogon, w związku z tą drugą książką pokazuje, iż zamysł Lis warto poszerzyć o wymiar nieantropocentryczny. Wówczas idea otwartej międzyludzkiej wspólnoty realizuje się pełniej jako idea wspólnoty międzygatunkowej.
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W oku konia. Horyzonty biografii

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EN
The article talks about a situation of animals (especially horses) during military action of the World War I. The author, who chooses viewpoint of non-anthropocentric history, refers to the work of Éric Baratay Le point de vue animal. Une autre version de l’histoire [The Animal Point of View. Another version of history] and war diaries written by Ivan Cassagnau, a French artilleryman during 1914 and 1916, she confronts those two books with children’s novel War Horse written by Michael Morpurgo. In Poland this book is known as The time of war and it has been published in 2011, soon after it’s film adaptation, directed by Steven Spielberg, has appeared. The author of the article proposes a critical interpretation of the novel, she notes the quality (and flows) of the narration from the animal’s viewpoint, she wonders, if the writer managed to build convincing war biography of a horse, finally she highlights a pacifistic message of the book.
PL
Artykuł przybliża losy zwierząt (przede wszystkim koni), wykorzystywanych w trackie działań wojennych podczas I wojny światowej. Autorka, której bliska jest perspektywa historii nieantropocentrycznej, sięga po poświęcone między innymi tym zagadnieniom pionierskie opracowanie Érica Barataya pt. Zwierzęcy punkt widzenia. Inna wersja historii oraz po pamiętniki Ivana Cassagnau, francuskiego artylerzysty z lat 1914- 1916, odnosi je do napisanej przez Michaela Morpurgo powieści dla dzieci i młodzieży pt. War Horse (1982). W Polsce przełożonej dopiero pod wpływem adaptacji filmowej w reżyserii Stevena Spielberga z 2011 roku, dystrybuowanej pod kuriozalnym tytułem Czas wojny. Autorka artykułu w krytycznej interpretacji powieści zwraca uwagę na wartość (i niedociągnięcia) narracji prowadzonej z perspektywy zwierzęcego bohatera, zastanawia się, w jakim stopniu dzięki temu zabiegowi pisarzowi udało się stworzyć przekonującą wojenną biografię konia, wreszcie podkreśla wynikający z tej optyki pacyfistyczny wydźwięk książki.
EN
The article is a reaction to the second edtion of Józef Czechowicz’s Letters (2011), which the author compares to the first edition (1977). It turns out that the poet’s letters, when they went through censorship screening in the 1970s, were purged not only of politically charged passages, where he mentions Miłosz, Czuchnowski, Iwaniuk, and Łobodowski, as well as the critical passages about Marxism, but also his remarks about Jews, remarks that were mostly antisemitic and stereotypical. The analysis of these passages is confronted with Czechowicz’s photographs of the Jewish quarter in Lublin and with the “Jewish traces” in his poetry. Above all, however, the discussion focuses on the language of violence, exposed in the poem śmierć [death] in the volume called dzień jak co dzień. The poem has been interpreted polemically, in opposition to Jacek Leociak, who reads śmierć both figuratively and as a text about a slaughterhouse. In this way, unexpected dimensions of Czechowicz’s sensitivity are shown, as the poet understands the cruelty of modern “animal killing industry” (used by the designers of the Holocaust machine), while at the same time he uses a dangerous array of antisemitic stereotypes, which were previously unknown to his critics.
EN
The article is an attempt to distinguish various fields of teaching Polish studies, where should we apply the non-anthropocentric paradigm (especially the animals studies). The author, invoking ideas such as those proposed by Cary Wolfe, claims that this point of view should not be introduced as an isolated topic taught during a single class, using only the works dedicated to this particular subject. Texts about emancipation should rather be analyzed in multiple contexts, not avoiding critical works being standard reading in a certain cultural environment, by indicating the often marginalized position of non-human beings as well as various linguistic techniques used to make animals inferior.
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę wyodrębnienia rozmaitych obszarów edukacji polonistycznej, w ramach których warto uruchamiać optykę nieantropocentryczną (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem studiów nad zwierzętami). Autorka, powołując się między innymi na postulaty Cary’ego Wolfe’a, dowodzi, że tej perspektywy nie należy wprowadzać punktowo na pojedynczych lekcjach i wyłącznie za pośrednictwem utworów, które tematyzują te kwestie. Treści emancypacyjne powinno się raczej wdrażać wielokontekstowo, nie stroniąc od krytycznych lektur kanonicznych tekstów kultury, wskazując na często marginalizowaną pozycję podmiotów pozaludzkich oraz różnorodne językowe zabiegi upodrzędniające zwierzęta.
EN
The starting point for the discussion presented in the article is the question whether it is possible and reasonable to distinguish the non-anthropocentric essay. The author refers to the latest genological findings, indicates why the assumed descriptive categories make it difficult to recognise that genre, and then formulates a range of counter-arguments (with a particular focus on subjectivity) and defines certain requirements for the non-anthropocentric essay. The later part of the article is devoted to the work of Michał Cichy as an example of a non-representative embodiment of that form. His essays, related to the concepts by Tim Ingold and Tadeusz Sławek, are examined from the angle of the practice of intertwining the open world, which abolishes the hitherto dominating position of the human subject and creates space for non-anthropocentric expression.
EN
An introduction to the 5th issue of Narrations of the Shoah.
PL
Wstęp do piątego numeru czasopisma "Narracje o Zagładzie".
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest prezentacji nowej formuły rocznika „Narracje o Zagładzie”. Zamysł periodyku wziął się z przekonania, że Holokaust jest punktem zero polskiej kultury i jejkonceptualizacji, a szeroko rozumiane narracje stanowią niezbędne medium dla rozpoznania i przedstawienia komplikacji, jakie stąd wynikają. Nasz rocznik będący swego rodzaju projektem w toku, zdaje się symptomatyczny dla stanu studiów nad Zagładą (i innymi ludobójstwami) w Polsce, zarazem sonduje i wytycza perspektywy ich rozwoju. Formuła pisma ukonstytuowana przez konsekwentnie konstruowane numery monograficzne odpowiada na wyzwania współczesnej humanistyki, wypełnia lukę w polskich badaniach nad Zagładą, ukierunkowanych dotąd przede wszystkim na studia historiograficzne. „Narracje o Zagładzie” stanowią swoiste laboratorium nowych metodologii, interdyscyplinarne forum nowatorskich koncepcji, a zarazem kontynuują najlepsze literaturoznawcze praktyki tradycyjnej filologii, w każdym numerze pisma publikowane są dokumenty archiwalne, redakcja dowartościowuje pogłębione interpretacje tekstów i zjawisk kultury. Anonsowane w tytule artykułu nowe otwarcie w czasopiśmie polegać będzie przede wszystkim na rozszerzeniu pola zainteresowań o takie zagadnienia jak narracje dotyczące ludobójstw innych niz Holokaust czy powiązania studiów nad Zagładą ze studiami ekokrytycznymi, zwłaszcza problematyką antropocenu.
EN
The article aims at presenting the new formula of Narrations of the Shoah, Polish academic journal. The idea behind the journal is linked to the conviction that the Holocaust isthe zero point of Polish culture and its conceptualisation, and broadly understood narrations are a necessary medium to recognise and depict complications resulting from this issue. This journal appears to be symptomatic of the state of research on the Shoah (and other genocides) in Poland; Narrations of the Shoah simultaneously probes and delineates the perspectives of its development. The formula of the journal responds to the challenges of contemporary humanities and fills the gap in Polish studies on the Shoah. Narrations of the Shoah is a sui generis laboratory of new methodologies, an interdisciplinary forum of cutting-edge ideas, but it also provides a continuation of the best practices of traditional philology and literary studies. Announced in the title of this article, the journal’s new opening will primarily consist in broadening its field of interest to include such issues as narrations of genocides other tham the Holocaust or the relation between Holocaust studies and ecocriticism, especially the notion of the Anthropocene.
PL
Schlemiels. Animals and the Shoah in Children’s Literature The author of the article is interestedin R.M. Groński’s book, entitled Szlemiel, whose narrator and protagonist is an English bulldog, living with a Jewish intellectual family in pre‑warand war Warsaw. Other pieces mentioned in the text – providing a context for this short story, in which the animal motif is dominant – are among others Bezsenność Jutki by D. Combrzyńska‑Nogala, XY by J. Rudniańska, Wojna na Pięknym Brzegu by A.M. Grabowski and Arka czasu… by M. Szczygielski. Firstly, it is shown how narratives aimed at children regain the issue of the fate and experiences of the companion species during World War II, with a special emphasis put on the Shoah: the issue underestimated in both so‑called literary texts for adults, and historical works. After all, Jews in certain regions of the Third Reich were not allowed to keep animals at home; many of them were hidden and then abandoned out of necessity when their owners were moved to ghettoes. Sensitivity and imagination of a child turns out to be a medium that is in particular proximity to emotions and experiences of animals, while their perspective makes it easier for the youngest readers – target audience of the analysed novels – to confront the memory of the Shoah. The important context, somewhat legitimising the narratives the author examines, is the presence of these threads in literature of personal document (for instance in V. Klemperer’s diaries) and memoir prose (for instance in I. Krzywicka’s Mieszane towarzystwo…), which so far has often been overlooked. The methodological basis of the interpretation is É. Baratay’s Point depue animal. Uneautre version de l’histoire, recently published in Polish (Zwierzęcy punkt widzenia. Inna wersja historii). By formulating a thesis that literature for children on the subject of the Holocaust somewhat assert the animals’ fate, the author on the one hand thinks about therestrictions and simplifications these narratives presuppose, and on the other asks whether the inclusion of non‑human subjects breaks the schemes this literature has created. Key words: children’s literature, Holocaust, animal studies
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2017
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vol. 21
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issue 2
285-304
PL
BILANS ALBO „SPRAWOZDANIE DLA AKADEMII”1 (STUDIA NAD ZWIERZĘTAMI W POLSKIM LITERATUROZNAWSTWIE)
Porównania
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2022
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vol. 32
|
issue 2
355-370
EN
This article is a contextual discussion of Sunaura Taylor’s pioneering book Beasts of Burden: Animal and Disability Liberation, dedicated to a parallel critique of anthropocentrism and ableism as two interlocking systems of oppression that propel each other. The review notes the prospects for a (critical) use of the American scholar’s thesis in literary studies, and points out examples of specific works deserving reinterpretation within such a framework.
PL
Artykuł stanowi kontekstowe omówienie pionierskiej książki Sunaury Taylor Bydlęce brzemię. Wyzwolenie ludzi z niepełnosprawnościami i zwierząt, poświęconej paralel- nej krytyce antropocentryzmu i ableizmu jako dwu zazębiających i wspierających się systemów opresji. W recenzji zwrócono uwagę na perspektywy (krytycznego) wykorzystania tez amerykańskiej badaczki w studiach literaturoznawczych, wskazane zostały przykłady konkretnych utworów, zasługujących na reinterpretacje w tak zakreślonych ramach.
PL
Ornithology, ornithomancy. Sokołowski and (other) birds of Jerzy Ficowski The starting point for my article was Jerzy Ficowski’s poem Do autora “Ptaków ziem polskich”. The poem, found in the poet’s penultimate volume – Zawczas z poniewczasem (2004) is commemorating Jan Sokołowski (1899–1982). He was a prominent ornithologist, one of the contemporary forerunners of the field, a pioneer of bird protection in Poland, and, above all, a visionary who in his work exhibited an innovatively personal approach to animals. The language he used was commonly regarded as anthropomorphic, since he attributed animals with emotions. In the article, I deal with poetic traces of both deliberate and accidental relations between Ficowski’s work and the ornithological work of Sokołowki. At the same time I attempt at a reconstruction of the advice that the author of Pantarei gained from the so to speak indirect consultations with the scholar. This allowed him to set the birds free in terms of cultural code of symbolic meaning. By referring to fairly numerous poems of Ficowski in which animals are present as main characters I prove that in both his and Sokołowski’s representation they are in fact quite similar. This, naturally, is done in different registers, however they both paid special attention to both ornithological faithfulness and what is beyond the reach of science, i.e. attempting to reflect the inner life of birds. Key words: animal studies; ornithology; Polish poetry;
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2012
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vol. 15
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issue 1
212-229
EN
The article shows the importance of a Christmas carol in the poetic imagination of Tadeusz Nowak. First of all is the presence of a word carol itself, especially because many poems, titled carol are not even connected with the carol’s motives. Then it’s vital, how Nowak is referring to traditional carols and how he is reinterpreting typical themes connected with it, such as: annunciation, motherhood (and parenthood generally), rela-tion between man and animals, identity of the Other, of someone, who (like Jesus, Holly Family) is different than everybody else. It turns out that words specifically connected with carol like: hay, the Star of Bethlehem, Christmas eve, chorus from polish folk song hej kolęda, kolęda are part of his language, he uses them to describe his world, apart from idyllic associations, even apart from Christmas context.
EN
A conversation with Professor Bożena Shallcross on poetry and/of the Shoah.
PL
Rozmowa z Profesor Bożeną Shallcross na temat poezji (i) Zagłady.
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