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Białorusini polscy w okresie przełomu (1939–1945)

100%
Wierzbicki M.
Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość
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2004
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issue 2(6)
83-113
EN
Belarussians are one of the youngest European nations. In the first half of the 20th century they were still in the process of developing their national consciousness, which was difficult because of the country’s geographical situation between Poland and Russia. In the interwar period these countries divided Belarussia into two parts and started political, economic and cultural expansion on its territory. On the other hand, large international conflicts of the 20th century speeded up the formation of a modern Belarussian nation. The Second World War was in some ways a turning point for Belarussians. Vast material war damages, as well as sufferings and death of several thousand people (in western part of Belarussia) were accompanied by vehement political, economic and social transformations, which resulted in a change of the traditional lifestyle. One of the most important effects of the war was a rapid growth in national consciousness. Another phenomenon was Polonisation of those Belarussian people who identified with vastly Catholic Polish culture and state. The overwhelming majority of Belarussians still did not have a clear national consciousness and identified only with their region (the locals, „Poleszuks”) or religion (Catholic, Orthodox). The accelerated development of national identity was accompanied by a rather fast development of political consciousness. During the war pro-Polish, pro-Soviet and pro-German circles appeared among the Belarussian people and opted for the corresponding national status. War-time changes led to important transformations of social structure of the Belarussian society. Belarussian foresters, who were deported into USSR together with Polish foresters during the first large deportation of 10th February 1940, were gone, as well as innumerous Belarussian Orthodox gentry. New social and professional groups emerged, such as kolkhoz workers, civil servants and teachers. Changes of the social structure (consolidated with secular tradition), ownership and mentality of the Belarussian society had a great impact on the attitudes towards other nations who lived in north-eastern parts of pre-war Poland. One of their important effects were nationalistic conflicts, which emerged from breaking the „social balance” by nations who had been discriminated, i.e. Belarussians. The biggest conflict was between the Poles and the Belarussians. Another conflict was that between the Germans and the Belarussians, which was provoked by the wrong occupation policy of German authorities. The diversity of political options, caused by rivalry between several centers of power, led to a tragic division in the society. Belarussians often stood on the opposite sides of the battlefield, believing that they fought for their country. It resembled the situation of Poles during the WW I, who found themselves in the armies of three different invaders fighting with each other. During the war the process of modernizing the Belarussian society and of changing the traditional lifestyle started. It was also the beginning of Sovietization, which fully developed after the end of the war on the territory of Belorussian SSR. The Sovietization was accompanied by Russification, which in the post-war period led to the dominating role of the Russian culture.
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Sowiecka polityka ekonomiczna na ziemiach wschodnich przedwojennej Polski (tzw. Zachodniej Ukrainie i Zachodniej Białorusi) w latach 1939–1941

100%
Wierzbicki M.
Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość
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2009
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issue 1(14)
201-235
EN
The years 1939–1941 marked a dramatic breakthrough in the economy of the eastern territories of the II RP under Soviet occupation. Not only did the USSR’s invasion mean an occupation of the territories in the classical sense of the word, but also radically transformed the socio-economic system following the Soviet example. Economic changes of the years 1939–1941 were incomplete, mainly because they were interrupted by the outbreak of the German–Soviet war. But even in such a short time the economic life of the occupied territories was revolutionised. First of all, the pre-war ownership structure of the area’s economy, based on various types of ownership, was destroyed, never to be recreated again in its traditional form. There was a considerable step in the unifi cation of the territories with the economic system of the Soviet state. Reasons for the fast change included the introduction of Soviet legal and organisational structures and the lack of the territories’ self-suffi ciency in raw materials for the industry and everyday use articles. Before the war, the region was supplied with raw materials and fi nished goods, and sometimes even agricultural produce, by the central and western Poland. In the period 1939–1941, raw materials, goods and equipment were being delivered from the territory of the USSR. Supplies from the East were notoriously unreliable, but necessary for relatively stable functioning of the territories incorporated in 1939. Thus, not only due to strictly political, but also economic reasons (lack of self-suffi ciency in raw materials and processing industry) territories of the II RP became a part of the Soviet empire in a very short time (note: a peripheral part). Their interests were subjected to the interests of the empire. This infringed upon the interests of a large group of local people who experienced a severe slump in material and social status.
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Budowa przemysłu zbrojeniowego II Rzeczypospolitej oglądana poprzez pryzmat biografii Jana Prota (1891-1957)

100%
Wierzbicki M.
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
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2017
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vol. 9(45)
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issue 1
137-148
PL
Artykuł przedstawia proces tworzenia przemysłu zbrojeniowego w Polsce międzywojennej poprzez pryzmat biografii Jana Prota – polskiego działacza niepodległościowego, który należał do obozu piłsudczykowskiego. Był także jednym z najważniejszych działaczy gospodarczych obozu sanacyjnego, choć nie znajdował się w pierwszym szeregu jego liderów. Jako młody człowiek związał się z obozem niepodległościowym, na czele którego stał Józef Piłsudski. Po zakończeniu walk o granice niepodległej Polski odszedł z wojska i ukończył studia chemiczne, które ukoronował doktoratem z chemii nieorganicznej w 1924 r. Od 1927 r. pełnił funkcję dyrektora naczelnego Państwowej Wytwórni Prochu (PWP) w Zagożdżonie-Pionkach, gdzie rozbudował podlegający mu zakład oraz przyfabryczne osiedle, które z czasem przekształciło się w miasto Pionki. Kierowana przez J. Prota PWP stała się największym zakładem produkującym prochy i materiały wybuchowe w Polsce i jednym z największych fabryk tego typu w Europie. Uczestniczyła też bezpośrednio w budowie Centralnego Okręgu Przemysłowego – największej inwestycji gospodarczej Polski międzywojennej. We wrześniu 1939 r. Jan Prot wraz z kilkuset pracownikami opuścił Pionki, próbując ewakuować PWP na wschód. Tam zastała go agresja sowiecka na Polskę, która przekreśliła plany dalszego oporu przeciwko wojskom niemieckim. Wkrótce potem z rozkazu podziemnej organizacji Związek Walki Zbrojnej wyjechał na emigrację do Francji, a następnie do Wielkiej Brytanii, gdzie mieszkał aż do śmierci w 1957 r. Położył duże zasługi dla budowy podstaw polskiego przemysłu zbrojeniowego w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej, choć plany te przekreślił wybuch II wojny światowej.
EN
The article presents the process of building of war industry in Poland in the interwar period through the prism of Jan Prot's biography – a Polish independence activist who was a member of the Piłsudski political camp. He was also one of the most significant economic activists of the Sanacja camp even though did not belong to the milieu of its first-rank leaders. As an adolescent Prot entered the Polish independence camp led by Józef Piłsudski. As an officer of the Polish Legions and then the Polish Armed Forces he took part in the struggle for independence and frontiers of the Polish state. After the end of the war he left the army and continued university studies in the field of chemistry, which were finalized with a PhD dissertation in non-organic chemistry in 1924. From 1927 he worked as the Central Executive Manager of the State Gunpowder Factory (PWP) in Zagożdżon-Pionki where he expanded both the factory and a settlement built around it. With time the PWP plant became the largest gunpowder and explosives factory in Poland as well as one of the biggest factories of that kind in Europe. It successfully attended the creation of the Central Military District (COP) which was the greatest economic project of the interwar Poland. In September 1939, the outbreak of WWII made Prot and most of his subordinates evacuate PWP to the east in the hope to resume military production in a safe place. The Soviet aggression against Poland made those plans futile which led to Prot's involvement in clandestine fight against the German occupiers. Soon after, on the order of the underground organization called the Union of Armed Struggle he left for France and then Great Britain where he died as a political emigrant in 1957. He paid great merit in the process of building of the Polish war industry during the Polish IInd Republic despite the fact the outbreak of WWII interrupted it.
4
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Kustosz niełatwej pamięci. Na marginesie publikacji zapisków Zygmunta Klukowskiego

100%
Wierzbicki M.
Kwartalnik Historyczny
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2019
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vol. 126
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issue 3
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony analizie treści i formy kolejnego wydania dzienników i pamiętników Zygmunta Klukowskiego. Zaprezentowano w nim zarówno sylwetkę ich Autora, jak i uwagi na temat wiarygodności informacji zamieszczonych w zapiskach Klukowskiego, w kwestii np. osiągnięć i porażek II Rzeczypospolitej, stosunków polsko-żydowskich w czasie II wojny światowej, Holokaustu oraz bandytyzmu w szeregach polskiego podziemia niepodległościowego po zakończeniu wojny.
EN
The article is an analysis of the content and form of the edition of Zygmunt Klukowski’s diaries and memoirs. It presents both their author’s personage and comments on the credibility of the information contained in his notes, regarding, for example, the achievements and failures of the Second Polish Republic, Polish-Jewish relations during the Second World War, the Holocaust and banditry within the Polish independence underground after the war.
5
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Rola organizacji społecznych na polu mobilizacji politycznej polskiego wychodźstwa powojennego na przykładzie udziału emigracyjnego Związku Harcerstwa Polskiego w organizacji obchodów rocznic i świąt państwowych

100%
Wierzbicki M.
Dzieje Najnowsze
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2019
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vol. 51
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issue 2
EN
Artykuł ukazuje rolę organizacji społecznych powstałych na emigracji politycznej Polaków po II wojnie światowej w dziedzinie mobilizacji politycznej polskiego wychodźstwa powojennego. Problematyka mobilizowania do działalności w życiu politycznym w tym środowisku została przedstawiona na przykładzie udziału Związku Harcerstwa Polskiego poza Polską w organizacji obchodów rocznic i świąt państwowych, w tym wpływu jego działalności na zaangażowanie oraz kulturę polityczną polskich emigrantów. The article shows the role of social organisations formed within the communities of Polish political emigrants after World War II in the field of political mobilization of Polish post-war emigration. The problem of mobilising for activity in political life in this community was presented on the example of the participation of the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association outside Poland in organising the celebration of anniversaries of important historical events and national holidays, including the impact of these activities on the involvement and political culture of Polish emigrants.
6
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Niewyjaśnione pogromy

100%
Wierzbicki M.
Kwartalnik Historyczny
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2014
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vol. 121
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issue 2
PL
Unexplained PogromsWitold Mędykowski’s book W cieniu gigantów. Pogromy 1941 r. w byłej sowieckiej strefie okupacyjnej. Kontekst historyczny, społeczny i kulturowy (Warszawa 2012) deals with a tide of pogroms and other forms of violence that in the summer of 1941 swept across Eastern Europe, occupied in 1939–1941 by the Soviet Union.The author postulated to examine those phenomena in a sprawling and ethnically diversified region from the viewpoint of comparative and interdisciplinary studies and within a wide historical, social, and cultural context. None of those proposals, however, have been realised to a satisfactory extent. The selection of an overly vast territory resulted in an excessive simplification of the narration and a superficial approach.Such errors were also produced by the applied methodology and used sources, with the author constructing general conclusions chiefly upon the basis of individual accounts by witnesses, as a rule the victims of violence. In doing so he omitted other numerous evidence, documents or pertinent writings. For this reason, it is difficult to recognise such opinions as reliable, and the book becomes one-sided by presenting as reliable the point of view of only a single group participating in the events of summer 1941. It must be stressed that the material comes almost exclusively from the Yad Vashem archive and does not take into account the resources of other archives. The reviewed publication should, therefore, be regarded as a wasted opportunity for a monographic interpretation of the eruption of violence in the summer of 1941.
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Młodzież studencka Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego i jej życie codzienne

100%
Wierzbicki M.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
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2018
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vol. 66
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issue 2: Historia. Zeszyt specjalny
403-437
PL
Artykuł porusza problematykę rozwoju, ewolucji i postaw środowiska studentów Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego w okresie „Polski Ludowej” (lata 1944-1989). Jego celem jest opisanie ich sytuacji w okresie komunistycznej dyktatury, w czasie której ówczesne władze usiłowały podporządkować sobie lub wręcz zniszczyć niezależną od siebie uczelnię katolicką. Na położenie młodzieży studenckiej KUL w dużej mierze wpływała więc polityka państwa komunistycznego w poszczególnych dekadach PRL. Na przykład, w okresie stalinowskim (1948-1955), niezależnie od indywidualnych represji, część wydziałów i kierunków studiów w KUL uległa likwidacji, drastycznie ograniczono liczbę osób tam studiujących, jak również możliwości awansu zawodowego kadry dydaktyczno-naukowej. Przez cały omawiany okres studenci tej uczelni byli dyskryminowani przez państwo. Pobierali naukę w o wiele trudniejszych niż ich koledzy z uczelni państwowych warunkach (np. mieszkaniowych, lokalowych i bytowych). Mieli też znacznie większe trudności ze znalezieniem pracy po zakończeniu studiów. Z drugiej strony, doświadczali znacznie większej niż reszta studentów polskich wolności intelektualnej, np. mogli pobierać naukę nie ograniczoną przez ideologię komunizmu i cenzurę, bez przeszkód zapoznając się z dorobkiem intelektualnym cywilizacji Zachodu. Jako zbiorowość wykazywali zauważalną specyfikę na polu ideologicznym, np. znacznie chętniej niż reszta polskich studentów angażując się w działalność opozycyjną i częściej popierając nauczanie Kościoła katolickiego w kwestiach moralnych. W pewnym zakresie, wykazywali też podobieństwa w stosunku do pozostałych studentów w Polsce. Między innymi, od połowy lat sześćdziesiątych – podobnie jak w całym kraju – rósł wśród nich odsetek osób ze środowiska inteligenckiego, kobiet oraz młodzieży szukającej możliwości studiowania bliżej swojego miejsca zamieszkania. Sytuacja studentów KUL zaczęła się zmieniać na lepsze u schyłku PRL, kiedy władze komunistyczne musiały szukać wsparcia ze strony Kościoła katolickiego.
EN
The paper describes the problematics of development, evolution and attitudes of students of the Catholic University of Lublin (KUL) in the period of the so called People’s Poland (1944-1989). It aims to analyze the situation of theirs during the communist dictatorship when its leaders tried to subjugate or even liquidate this catholic university due its being independent of them. Therefore, one should realize the policies of the communist state influenced the plight of the students of KUL considerably. For example, during the Stalinist period (1948-1955), apart from individual repressions, some faculties and courses were closed down, the number of students was reduced drastically as well as the prospects for scientific advancement of the scholars who were employed there. During the whole discussed period the students were discriminated against. It was carried out by limiting their access to decent accommodation, health care, scholarships and premises. They also had much smaller job opportunities than their colleagues from state-owned universities. On the other hand, they experienced much greater intellectual freedom than the rest of the Polish students which was caused by the limited influence of the communist ideology and censorship. As a result, they could enjoy contacts with intellectual output of the Western civilization. As a collectivity, the students of KUL showed visible specificity in the ideological field, e. g. they were involved in opposition activity much more often than the students from state-owned universities. They also supported the moral teaching of the Catholic Church much more willingly. To a certain degree the student community of KUL were similar to their counterparts across Poland. Among other things, from the middle of the 1960-ies the proportion of candidates from among the intelligentsia and women as well as youth from the Lublin region rose among the students of KUL which reflected the nation-wide tendencies. Their situation changed for the better towards the end of the communist era in Poland when the communist leadership had to seek support from the Catholic Church.
8
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Some remarks on aplications of algebraic analysis to economics

63%
Binderman Z., Wierzbicki M.
Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych
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2011
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vol. 12
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issue 1
15-26
EN
In this paper, the author continues the investigations started in his earlier work [Binderman 2009]. Here, problems of linear equation Dx=y with the difference operator D are studied. The work is an introduction to applications of the theory of right invertible operators to economics. As an example, quotations of KGHM on Warsaw Stock Exchange are considered.
9
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Młodzież w PRL. Dyskusja

51%
Sadowska J., Eisler J., Kamiński Ł., Wierzbicki M.
Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość
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2011
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issue 1(17)
13-29
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