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EN
The parable of the father and his two sons in the Gospel of Luke (Luke 15:11-32) makes part of a series of parables depicting the attitude of God toward sinful man. It is the attitude of seeking, concern, love, and joy in the presence of which nobody, even the greatest sinner, is excluded. The present article focuses on that attitude by exposing relationships between father and his two sons. Despite the fact that the narrative presents the events from the perspective of the sons, the father can be considered the main character of the parable. The story of the sons shows the drama of father’s love which was rejected and misunderstood by them. Both sons lose their dignity by denying their father’s love, but only the younger seems to realize it. The father shows both of them the same love and assures them that in his eyes they have never lost their sonship and they have never been deprived of it. Each of the children has to be re-adopted; each in his own way indicated by the father. The younger has to accept paternal forgiveness which is full of mercy and joy prompted by his return. The elder, on the other hand, has to imitate the mercy and joy offered by the father to his younger son.
EN
The article focuses on the issues related to illustrating biblical manuscripts in the Christian tradition. It states that various ways of illustrating of biblical codices are result of using the same hermeneutical assumptions that were applied in the interpretation of biblical text. This fact is derived from the coherent tradition of transmitting and interpreting sacred texts. The article indicates the important role of monastic communities in the transmission and imagining of biblical manuscripts. The second part explains the main currents of Christian biblical hermeneutics that had an impact on the ways of depicting of biblical codices. The next step is to show the origin and the main phases of imaging of biblical manuscripts. The last part of the article is dedicated to give examples of literal, allegorical and typological hermeneutics in illustrating biblical codices.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł koncentruje się na problematyce związanej z ilustrowaniem rękopisów biblijnych w tradycji chrześcijańskiej. Zwraca przede wszystkim uwagę na to, że u podstaw różnorodnych sposobów ilustrowania tekstu w manuskryptach leżą te same założenia hermeneutyczne, które były stosowane w interpretacji tekstu biblijnego. W pierwszej części jest opisana istotna rola środowisk monastycznych w procesie przekazywania i ilustrowania rękopisów biblijnych. W dalszej części są przedstawione główne nurty hermeneutyki, które wywarły wpływ na sposoby obrazowania w tradycji chrześcijańskiej. W kolejnej części ukazana jest geneza i główne etapy ilustrowania biblijnych kodeksów. W ostatniej części tego opracowania są przedstawione przykłady odniesień do interpretacji dosłownej, alegorycznej i typologicznej w ilustracjach biblijnych manuskryptów.
EN
The Letter of James is a didactic piece of writing. Its genre of parenetic letter or protreptic discourse and abundant usage of diatribe indicate that the author wants to show his readers the proper attitude to Christian life. James’ appeal is based on double-track argumentation: what is good and profitable vs. what is bad and unprofitable. Into this reasoning is inserted the argumentation of Jas 3,13-18, focused on appealing to Christian fellows to live their lives wisely. James distinguishes between worldly wisdom and God’s wisdom, and urges Christians to live according to the latter because it bears good fruits in the life of the community, such as justice, peace, concord, truth, gentleness. On the other hand, earthly wisdom, which he calls demonic, results in opposing negative values that can be noticed in social life. These are attitudes like quarrel, discord, envy, boastfulness, negation of truth. The conclusion that has to be deduced by the reader is evident – only the life guided by God’s wisdom is worth living.
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest pouczenie dotyczące pokoju z Listu Jakuba 3,18. Rozpatrywane jest ono w świetle zasad socjoretoryki. W pierwszej części zostaje przeanalizowana wewnętrzna tekstura gnomy z 3,18: najpierw jej syntaksa i możliwości interpretacji z niej wynikające, a następnie lokacja gnomy w argumentacji retorycznej Listu i jej semantyka wynikająca z poszerzenia o kontekst wypowiedzi. W drugiej części artykułu zostaje przeanalizowana intertekstura tej gnomy: najpierw związki z innymi tekstami, a następnie echa koncepcji pokoju charakterystycznych dla żydowskiej kultury odzwierciedlającej się tekstach Starego Testamentu oraz kultury greckiej i rzymskiej.
EN
The subject of the article is the teaching on peace found in the Letter of James 3:18, which is investigated in the light of socio-rhetoric. In the first part, the innertexture of the maxim in 3:18 is examined: first its syntactic structure and interpretative possibilities, and then its location within the rhetorical argument of the letter, together with its semantics resulting from the context. In the second part, the article analyzes the intertexture of the maxim: first its relationship to other texts, and then echoes of concepts of peace found both in the Old Testament and in Greek and Roman culture.
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