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EN
The outbreak of World War I temporarily stopped the process „Lodz Esperanto Societo”. Organization reactivated after a few months and stood intensive activities aimed at promoting the artificial language created by Ludwig Zamenhoff in society of Lodz. The most important activities were Esperanto Evenings, which were voiced during lectures devoted to the artificial language and also presented the associated artistic programs. An important element of this activity were numerous press reports of the benefits of the knowledge of that language. During the war, also organized a number of language courses at different levels. In Lodz also functioned library offering positions in Esperanto. Lodz Esperanto speakers regularly published their articles in the press. Among the most discussed period in Lodz Esperanto should mention figures such as Vladimir Pfeiffer, Heinrich Zimmermann and Franz Ender.
EN
The District of Sieradz, located on the eastern border of the western province of the Kalisz – Lodz industrial area, was in existence before the First World War. Its peripheral location had a negative impact on the dynamic development of industry. Despite this, the district developed one important industrial centre, in Zdunska Wola, where a textile industry – dominated by large and small companies – exists together with food industry, minerals, wood and metal engineering. There was much competition from the industrial centres of Lodz, Pabianice, Zgierz and Tomaszow, in the region of Lodz. The small amount of industrial development was mainly decided by the district’s agricultural character and a weak domestic market. The railway connection between Lodz and Kalisz, which facilitated trade in goods, came too late. The district was attractive as a reservoir of cheap labour, and a place where finished products could easily be exported. In the province of Kalisz around 1910 was on the third place in terms of industrialization, shortly after the district Kalisz, where it operated the largest industrial centre of the province – Kalisz and Łęczyca, which played a large center of textile industry in Ozorków.
EN
Article relates to question of “salt policy” of The Republic of Noble; attempt to reform of the system; the government and the ruler want of increasing budget income. Attempted reforms have been analyzed and reasons for their failure highlighted. Weakness of Republic and its lasting in the shackles of feudal prerogatives did not permit such success of “salt policy”, as in neighboring countries of central-east Europe: Russia, Prussia and Austria. Due to this reason “Polish” salt was eliminated from the foreign markets while the king resigned from expansion on home market – Prussian territory and Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Noble Republic for several hundred years could not create a significant instrument of income from “salt policy”; Austria – country of strong central structures, which in 1772 took over “Polish” salt mines – both Krakows and Russians – achieved this goal in several months.
EN
The biography tells the story of a long-lived Stefania Madej (1901–2010) living in Dobroń near Lodz. Stefania came from a peasant family. Her father worked hard all his life, thanks to which he became the owner of a medium-sized farm. Together with her siblings Stefania helped parents on the farm at the expense of her education. She married a farmer, still remaining in the provinces. When the World War II was over she cared for the sick husband and after his death, in the absence of children, gradually got rid of an agricultural land. Thus she remained destitute. However, state financial assistance and care of a niece let her live in good condition almost 109 years.
EN
The subject matter of books and libraries in 19th century is a very difficult issue. Gathering a domestic book collection was hard because of the difficult political situation. The fact that the Republic of Poland had been situated under the occupation caused a consciousness of collecting and passing down the Polish cultural heritage. The landowners had the best conditions to fulfill this aim because they had both financial and local facilities at their disposal. After a while, stately libraries gradually started to originate in courts and palaces, counting from a few hundred up to even a few hundred thousand items. Those which were the biggest ones were becoming foundational libraries, as the example of the National Ossolinski Institute Library, serving the whole society. The smaller ones were used by the owners, educated young people as well as local inhabitants. The Book Collection of Potocki and Ostrowski archived in Maluszyn is a good example of such a library. On the basis of the preserved inventories, which relate to a of a book collection, it is possible to recreate the library’s resources and determine its the most crucial functions. The state of the research for these days allows for conclusions that at that time this library belonged to the group of the biggest libraries in the region and that it was created with a thought of making it available to all inhabitants from local villages and towns, and that is the reason why it could fulfill an informal function of a public library. The following article presents the establishments concering laudowning libraries in 19th century as well as the reasons and ways of collecting, the use and the lot of the book collection, but most of all, the sources for researching laudowning book collection. Futhermore, there is also a current state of research on the library in Maluszyn mentioned.
EN
The outbreak of the Great War disorganized the life of the citizens of Lodz, making a normal existence nearly impossible. One of the biggest problems was the lack of combustible materials. Due to irregular supplies of coal, the people of Lodz were cutting down forests and parks trees located around the city. Occasional transports of combustible materials were transferred to social institutions, such as schools or hospitals at first place. Even though the city authorities provided numerous forms of support, such as peat and coke supplies or timber distribution, the problem was not solved. People were stealing parts of wooden constructions, such as fences and destroyed houses on massive scale. Lack of coal made it impossible to work in many institutions, such as power stations and gasworks.
EN
The article presents the procedure of commencing the case of the illegitimate descent a child in the austrian annexation in 19th century and shows juridical consequences of the judgment of it’s illegitimacy. It’s also concentrated on the issue of the situation of the illegitimate child in the society. The article based on the archival materials narrates about the case of the adjudication the illegitimate descent count Witold Potocki’s and Maria z Florkiewiczów Potocka’s children. The count submitted a petition of the adjudication the illegitimate descent daughters: Izabella born in 1869 and Maria Karolina born in 1871 in Cracovian court in 1874.
EN
Nowadays, interdisciplinary research is becoming more popular. With his problem has to face many researchers. The specificity of the test procedures across the various fields different from each other. There are ranges of research that are difficult to classify into one cognitive methods. As a PhD student of history at the University of Lodz, who wrote the work in the history of medicine in the military health care in the years 1918–1939, I encountered such a problem. Status of medicine in my research method is a humanist. I decided to your thoughts and experiences in the field of learning and research in these two areas to collect and present, as a single text in the form of a scientific paper. The term research methodology understand the science of measurement method occurring phenomena, which the researcher wants to measure. It is a certain set of rules on how to study, who examine, then examine where to study. The aim of the research is to develop a methodology for better and better ways of measuring / testing phenomena ongoing improvement. The better method is the more accurate test results are obtained. The key to a reliable measurement of the phenomenon of interest to us is the selection of appropriate research methods / techniques of measurement. Each branch of science has developed and are developing their own research methods, in order to best measure the phenomena of interest to them. The purpose of my paper is to present, differences and similarities in medical science research methodology and historical sciences. The appearance of a “human face medicine”. I want to show you how to: we historians perceive problems in medicine (medical history), and how we deal with science, which is considered to be close. Two seemingly different environments, and having a lot in common.
EN
This book is a shortened version of the doctoral thesis completed in Historical Institute of the Łódź University, in 1977. In original version, there was a large chapter concerning Anglo-Soviet relations, omitted here because of the prior publication аs an article in ZNUŁ 1978, no 27. The thesis is based on British government archival materials, chiefly political correspondence, being kept in Public Record Office at London. These are Foreign Office - and Colonial Office paреrs. Another set of documents is from Labour Party's Central Archive at London (so called Transport House). These are mainly memoranda’s of the International Advisory Committee, 1918-1924.
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