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Prosta mowa w tekstach o charakterze religijnym XVIII wieku (Czyn jerejskogo nastawljenija, Poczajów 1776)

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Getka J.
Rozprawy Komisji Językowej ŁTN
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2017
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vol. LXIV
73-85
EN
“Prosta mova” – colloquial language of population of the eastern lands of the former Republic of Poland only occasionally appears in the printed texts in the eighteenth century. It is especially rare in texts of religious nature. In this regard, Basilian typography is an exception. “Prosta mova” as the language of printing, can be seen in texts and fragments of prints published by definition in other languages. This type of text is the subject of the analysis set out in this article. Numerous features of a living language that are visible at the level of phonetics and vocabulary are reflected in the analyzed Чинъ Іерейскаго наставленїя. Analysis of these features brings to the conclusion that the dominant element in the text, is the Ukrainian dialect. Of course, due to the different articulation of selected graphemes on the Belarusian and Ukrainian-speaking territories (eg. grapheme ѣ) editors left the pronunciation to the decision of their readers in accordance with the local tradition.
PL
Prosta mowa, czyli potoczny język mieszkańców ziem ruskich dawnej Rzeczypospolitej, jako język o nieuznanym statusie tylko sporadycznie pojawia się w tekstach drukowanych w XVIII wieku jako środek wypowiedzi literackiej, zwłaszcza w tekstach o charakterze religijnym. Pod tym względem drukarstwo bazyliańskie stanowi wyjątek. Bazylianie wydawali teksty w tym języku, prosta mowa pojawiała się również we fragmentach tekstów drukowanych z założenia w innych językach. Tego typu tekst stanowi źródło badań przedstawionych w niniejszym artykule. Proponowana analiza ma wskazać elementy prostej mowy na różnych poziomach języka w wydaniu poczajowskim z 1776 roku: Czyn jerejskogo nastawljenija. Tekst kierowany był do kapłanów w celu ułatwienia sprawowania posługi duchownej również wśród niewykształconych wiernych, co wyjaśnia przyczynę pojawienia się w nim elementów ruskojęzycznych. Prosta mowa wspólna dla przodków dzisiejszych Białorusinów i Ukraińców w postaci opracowanej była oczywiście w pewnym stopniu tworem sztucznym, ale jednak zróżnicowanym ze względu na jej „nasycenie” cechami miejscowej wymowy. W kontekście druków poczajowskich należy stwierdzić, że pierwiastkiem dominującym są tu gwary ukraińskie. Oczywiście, ze względu na różnice w czytaniu wybranych grafemów na białoruskim i ukraińskim obszarze językowym (na przykład grafemu ѣ) redaktorzy pozostawiali swoim czytelnikom furtkę do wymowy zgodnej z ich lokalną tradycją.
2
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Sfery użycia języków polskiego i „ruskiego” na terenach polsko-ruskiego pogranicza kulturowego w XVIII wieku (na materiale druków typografii bazyliańskich)

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Getka J.
Studia Wschodniosłowiańskie
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2015
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vol. 15
265-280
EN
Eastern lands of the former Republic of Poland have always been multicultural and multilingual. In the 18th century there existed together languages: Old Church Slavonic, German, Lithuanian, French, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Rus’, Latin. Basilians printed texts in all those, so as to reach the greatest number of readers. It is important to marc, however, that in everyday communication were used only Polish and Rus’ languages (prosta mova). Other languages had been used in the literature, science, religious life. That is why the purpose of this article is to analyze the content of Polish and Rus’ language prints. This analysis is a basis to compare the scope of use of these languages. It can also be a valuable measure of the demand of Polish and Rus’ language readers for different type of texts. The analysis can lead to more complete picture of the eighteenth-century cultural and sociolinguistic situation of eastern part of former Republic of Poland.
3
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Znaczenie ruskojęzycznego drukarstwa bazyliańskiego w rozwoju języka ukraińskiego i białoruskiego

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Getka J.
Przegląd Środkowo-Wschodni
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2016
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vol. 1
9-29
EN
Multilingualism of prints from Basilians’ typographies contributed to the rapprochement and interpenetration of cultures of Ruthenian nations (Ukrainians, Belarusians) with Polish and Western European cultures. Especially important in this context was the printing of original and translated works in Ruthenian language (religious and secular texts), similar to the spoken language of that period. This raised the prestige and confirmed the adequacy of this language for the purposes of literature. This was conducive to the development of national languages (Ukrainian and Belarusian).
4
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Charakterystyka głosek [t] i [d] w wydaniach teologii moralnej z XVIII wieku (na materiale tekstów z Supraśla, Uniowa i Poczajowa). Przyczynek do dyskusji na temat prostej mowy xviii wieku

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Getka J.
Rozprawy Komisji Językowej ŁTN
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2019
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vol. LXVII
85-103
PL
Artykuł prezentuje analizę graficznych realizacji głosek [t] i [d] w kolejnych edycjach bazyliańskiej, ruskojęzycznej teologii moralnej, które ukazały się w drukarniach bazyliańskich w Supraślu, Uniowie i Poczajowie w XVIII wieku. Wyniki analizy prowadzą do wniosku o występowaniu w XVIII wieku dwóch odrębnych tradycji ortograficznych – białoruskiej i ukraińskiej. W odniesieniu do analizowanych głosek potwierdza je zaznaczenie zjawisk dziekania, ciekania czy ukraińskiego stwardnienia [d] i [t]. Tym samym podważona zostaje teza o przerwaniu tradycji piśmienniczej na ziemiach białoruskich i ukraińskich w XVIII wieku i odrodzenia się białoruskiego i ukraińskiego języka literackiego na nowej – ludowej – bazie. W proponowanym ujęciu tezę tę należy zastąpić tezą o ewolucyjnym rozwoju literackich języków białoruskiego i ukraińskiego.
EN
This article presents an analysis of the implementation of the graphic sounds [t] and [d] in subsequent editions of Ruthenian language moral theology, which were published Basilians printing houses in Suprasl, Uniev and Pochayiv in the 18th century. The results of the analysis lead to the conclusion about the occurrence in the eighteenth century of two separate literary traditions – in Belarusian and Ukrainian languages. In relation to the analyzed sounds, this is confirmed by the marking of the phenomena (for Belarusian language): dzekannya or tsekannya or (for Ukrainian language): the process of hardening [d] and [t]. The thesis on the breaking of the literary tradition on the Belarusian and Ukrainian lands in the eighteenth and the revival of the Belarusian and Ukrainian literary language on the new – folk – base is thus undermined. In the proposed approach, this thesis should be replaced by a thesis about the evolutionary development of Belarusian and Ukrainian literary languages.
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Świat chrześcijański wobec dziedzictwa słowiańskiego. Wyobrażenia ludowe w bazyliańskich Teologiach moralnych (XVIII wiek)

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Getka J.
Studia Wschodniosłowiańskie
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2016
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vol. 16
EN
Since the dawn of ages the mankind has been bothered with the existence problems. Therefore spells, magic and sorcerers have always been an object of interest of both secular society and the church hierarchy. The church treated them as a threat to the grounding of faith. Based on the decision of the Synod of Zamosc (1720) the Basilians written their moral theologies containing the teaching of the Church’s standards of conduct. The moral theologies were strongly influenced by folk beliefs and imaginings. Therefore Basilian’s moral theologies perfectly reflect the status of folk beliefs in the eighteenth century. Folk beliefs are not described explicitly, but descriptions of sins against Commandments give their image. The purpose of this article is to capture the state of folk beliefs on the one hand, and on the other hand – the dogmas of moral theology in the eighteenth century. Both of these systems have been modified, but even in these days still penetrate each other, especially in folk culture.
6

Słownik białorusko-polski, pod redakcją T. Chylak-Schroeder, J. Głuszkowskiej--Babickiej, T. Jasińskiej-Sochy, Warsaw 2012

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Getka J.
Studia Interkulturowe Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
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2015
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vol. 8
136-140
7

Katalog druków cyrylicznych XVI–XVIII wieków w zbiorach biblioteki klasztoru oo. Bazylianów w Warszawie, opracował Roman Lepak OSBM, Wydawnictwo Bazyliada 2013, Bazyliańskie Studia Historyczne, t. 3

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Getka J.
Studia Interkulturowe Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
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2016
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vol. 9
223-226
8
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MEDYCYNA W DRUKACH BAZYLIANSKICH XVIII W.

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Getka J.
Acta Neophilologica
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2015
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vol. XVII/1
59-69
EN
Advice on the treatment of humans and animals published in Basilans’ handbooks and calendars are an excellent material for studying the history of the development of medicine and veterinary medicine in the territories of the Republic of Poland in the eighteenth century. They provide information about the state of medicine, known diseases and their treatment.
9
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Poslav spekulatora , czyli kata ” - ekwiwalenty leksykalne w ukraińskim wariancie „prostej mowy ” XVIII wieku (na materiale „Nauk parafialnych ” Juliana Dobrylowskiego, Poczajów 1794)

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Getka J.
Acta Polono-Ruthenica
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2012
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vol. Tom 1 Nr XVII
217-233
EN
The subject of the study is the lexic of a relic of Ruthenian literature titled NAUKI PARO- CHIALNIJA na Nedìli i S(vja)ta uroczistyja cìlogo Roku, z E(vange)lij podlug obrjadu greczeska- go raspolozennych, z pridaniem pri konci nauki pri, szljubì, dvoch nauk pri pogrebenii, i na Pjatki s(vja)tago velikago posta, o Strastech Chr(is)tovych, further called Nauki, edited in 1794. The analyzed composition of homilies was created in one of the most resilient centers of Greek Catholic Eastern Rite who were well known for their attachment to Ruthenian culture and langu- age, in Poczajow in Wolyn and it was designated for Estern Rite priests and believers of Eastern Rite confines dioceses. The composition of written in Cyrillic alphabet homilies is attributed to Julian Dobrylovski. According to the author assumption, language of the piece, close to simple spoken language was supposed to be understood for believers of Greek Catholic Church. Thanks to this Nauki is the remarkable material for the analysis of factual state of language in the century it was created in. The subject of the analysis were the definitions of the lexemes that occur in the relic which include element it means, for example: vú ladiju, èili vú èovenú rybackij and others (148 pairs). The study proved that the majority of lexemes belong to the Ukrainian language. Therefore, the analysis of the language of Nauki has a capital meaning in the studies on the development of Ukrainian literature language. It fulfills already existing notices and language description of the period of their creations with the religious, pulpit literature work. This kind of literature was omitted in linguistic description till recently with various causes (among all with the conviction that this genre works are written in fossilized Church Slavonic language).
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Rola tekstów o charakterze religijnym XVIII wieku w poznaniu żywego języka ruskojęzycznej ludności dawnej Rzeczypospolitej (na materiale tekstu Bohosłowija nrawouczytelnaja, Poczajów 1751)

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Getka J.
Acta Polono-Ruthenica
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2019
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vol. Tom 2 Nr XXIV
69-86
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the role of religious texts in the analysis of common language of the people of the former Commonwealth of the Two Nations. The subject of the analysis is the text Bohoslowija nrawouczytelnaja... published in the basilian’s printing house in Pochayev in 1751. Textual features of living Ukrainian language (approximation of articulation [i] and [y], hardness [t] and [d], morphological features) are common tendencies, and can be a testimony of the state of the Ukrainian language of the eighteenth century. The analysis supports the thesis of evolutionary development of Ukrainian written language.
11
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Wychowanie młodzieży w ruskojęzycznych drukach bazyliańskich

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Getka J.
Acta Polono-Ruthenica
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2017
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issue 22/3
21-35
EN
Printing was one of the elements of various missionary activities of the Basilians. Their typographies were functioning in the 18th century at monasteries in Vilnius, Suprasl, Uniev, Pochaiev and Lvov. They printed texts written in Polish, Latin, Orthodox Church language, but also in prosta mova, which was the basic means of communication of the Uniate faithful. In that language, not only religious but also secular texts were printed. In both types of texts, you can find elements related to the upbringing of young people. The analysis of those texts leads to the conclusion that they should be considered in terms of social didactics. They shaped the social culture (issues of civil society, shaping social justice, etc.) and personal culture of the Ruthenians (savoir vivre rules) in 18 ct.
12
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POLSCY XVIII-WIECZNI ZESŁAŃCY SYBERYJSCY. STRATEGIE (PRZE)ŻYCIA NA ZESŁANIU

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Getka J.
Acta Neophilologica
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2014
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vol. XVI/1
165-178
EN
In line with the colonization of central Asian provinces of the Russian Empire, which started in the 16th century, also the Poles were sent as prisoners to these areas. The article relates to methods of survival in exile of representatives of the fi rst large group of Polish exiles – members of the Bar Confederation (1768–1772). Some chose to more or less spectacular escape, which often ended in tragedy. Others settled in and converted to Orthodoxy, denying the possibility of returning home. A large group of exiles were eventually forcibly incorporated into the tsarist army. As ordinary soldiers, deprived of state laws, the Poles have contributed not only to the further colonization of the Asian part of the Russian Empire, but also played an important role in regulating the internal affairs of Russia, including Emilian Pugachev rebellion damping (1773–1774). The source of the research is a diary of exiled member of the Bar Confederation – Karol Lubicz Chojecki, Pamięć dzieł polskich. Podróż i niepomyślny sukces Polaków, fi rst published in Warsaw in 1789, reprinted one year leater (1790) in Supraśl, titled: Polak konfederat przez Moskwę na Syberię zaprowadzony. Razem wiadomość o buncie Puchaczewa.
13
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„Prosta mowa” w tekstach o charakterze religijnym XVIII wieku (na podstawie wydań trebników w drukarniach bazyliańskich)

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Getka J.
Acta Neophilologica
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2016
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issue 18/2
129-139
EN
This article analyzes fragments of texts written in the prosta mova found in trebnyks printed by the Basilians. These fragments testify to the presence of the prosta mova in the church. They also confirm the opinions concerning the faint understanding of the Church Slavonic language by ordinary followers. In order for the faithful to able to consciously participate in various sacraments, the texts contained in the trebnyks were adapted to local language reality. The Basilian trebnyks that are subject to analysis in this article (except for the one printed in Supraśl) are very similar to the Orthodox Trebnyk by P. Mohyla, referred to here as relevant to the context of the problem. The fact that the Basilians followed Mohyla’s pattern so eagerly contradicts the emerging theories that the Basilian Order was engaged solely in the Polonisation activities.
14
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Polskojęzyczne druki typografii poczajowskiej (ХУШ wiek)

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Getka J.
Acta Polono-Ruthenica
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2009
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vol. Tom 1 Nr XIV
89-102
EN
Polish prints of the Pochayov’s typography (18th Century) The Bazilians’ typography in Pochayov was famous for quantity and quality of it’s prints, variety of the subject matters, broad reading public, and last but not least- multilingual editions. Polish language publishing offer was aimed at satisfying contemporary social demand and was very popular in those days, which can be proved by the quantity of reprints. Publishing activity of the Bazilians did not provoke hostility and antagonisms among the society. To the contrary, being tolerant towards the social variety it was constantly broadening its offer by targeting publicity from all social classes and nations and by taking into consideration their linguistic and cultural preferences. In the Polish offer of the Pochayov publishing house two main literature streams can be distingushed: sacred writings and laic. The first one is represented by numerous sermons, catechisms, prayer-books, hymns and songs. The sacred writing covered also moral-philosophic and religious moralizing texts. Laic literature comprised various hand-books, aids and later on during the Enlightenment period also belles-lettres.
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