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1

COGNITIVE BASIS OF ANALOGICAL REASONING: VERIFICATION OF THE NONLINEAR AND PARALLEL MODEL OF REASONING

100%
Orzechowski J.
Psychological Studies
|
2004
|
vol. 42
|
issue 4
95-106
EN
Robert Sternberg's model of analogical reasoning assumes the sequential nature of cognitive components underlying analogy solution. Also, it does not take into account the individual parameters of working memory and attention which seem to influence both the process of analogical reasoning. Trying to avoid these faults, a non-linear and parallel model of analogical reasoning was outlined, which included two formal parameters of the cognitive system's functioning: (1) parallel versus sequential organization of information processing and (2) linear versus non-linear allocation of attentional resources. Obtained results showed that efficiency of analogical reasoning is related to capacity of working memory and amount of attentional resources, and associated with organization of information processing. Allocation of mental resources is non-linear, i.e. dynamically changing with the task demands and is strictly linked to specificity of analogical reasoning components: encoding is rather data-limited whereas inference and mapping are resources-limited processes. The results appear to corroborate a compensational role of organization of information processing in relation to selective attention and working memory functioning
2

MECHANISM OF TWO-PHASE WORKING MEMORY SEARCH: COMPUTATIONAL MODEL

63%
Chuderski A., Orzechowski J.
Psychological Studies
|
2005
|
vol. 43
|
issue 1
37-5-
EN
Two-phase model of working memory (WM) search tries to explain memory search taking set size, positive vs negative trials difference and speed of stimuli presentation into consideration. It was assumed that in the first - parallel - phase cognitive system uses both bottom-up (items in memory) and top-down (target) activations to prepare to actual search. Preparation to search is a process of indexing memory contents that uses strength of items activation or their similarity to target. The second phase is a serial process of comparing the target with items stored in memory which leads to signal detection (positive trials) or recognition of its absence (negative trials). This paper describes an implementation of the model for verbal stimuli in ACT-R cognitive architecture. Two-phase model has been extended with two strategies of memory trace coding. Computational model simulates 95,4% and 97,4% variance observed in accuracy and reaction latencies, respectively. It replicates group differences in WM scanning. A comparison of alternative model versions falsifies single-phase models of WM scanning. A third search phase was needed to obtain best fit to the data: parallel and non-efficient search of partially active part of WM that is outside the focus of attention.
3

NEURAL MECHANISMS OF INTELLIGENCE

63%
Necka E., Orzechowski J.
Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)
|
2006
|
vol. 14
43-61
EN
The chapter contains a review of research and state-of-the-art knowledge concerning the neural mechanisms of intelligence. The review is divided into four parts, referring to the hypothetical bases of relations between intelligence and structure of the brain or its functions. The following areas of research are therefore discussed: (1) localization of intelligence in the brain, (2) fast and errorless transmission of impulses as a basis of intelligence, (3) intelligence and neural efficiency hypothesis, and (4) the role of brain volume and cranial capacity. The results are judged inconclusive concerning the detailed knowledge of the neural mechanisms of intelligence. Moreover, they seem inconclusive concerning the very essence of intelligence. The authors claim that the body of research under review shows neural correlates of individual differences in intellectual ability rather than mechanisms of intelligence. There is also a suggestion that the knowledge of neural correlates of intelligence is not synonymous with the knowledge of intelligence. The latter needs careful psychological analyses and the use of theoretical constructs introduced by cognitive psychology.
4

ATTENTION AS A MECHANISM OF DIFFERENTATION OF COGNITIVE STRUCTURE

63%
Orzechowski J., Bednarek H.
Psychological Studies
|
2004
|
vol. 42
|
issue 1
125
EN
The purpose of the research was to explore mechanisms of attention of Witkin's styles. It has been assumed that the style independent of the field will be related to a higher efficiency of selective attention's process. There were 96 people who participated in the research: 67 women and 29 men, aged 20,9 (+/-2,6). In the experiment, in addition to Embedded Figures Test, a battery of cognitive tests for exploring attention (DIVA Task) has been used, as well as the strength of inhibition processes (Navon Task). The results indicate that there is a strong relation between preferences in the cognitive style and selective attention. The style which is independent of the perceptual field is characterized by better accuracy of selection information, at the similar speed of selection. In the group of people where the independent style predominated, a fewer number of false alarms was registered, and a fewer number of omissions in more difficult conditions of detection. The participants appeared less susceptible to interference in incoherent conditions of Navon's Tasks. It seems to prove that they possess stronger mechanism of inhibition, which is recognized as the elementary mechanism of selective attention.
5

STRUCTURAL AND PROCESSUAL ASPECTS OF WORKING MEMORY: VERIFICATION OF SOME OF THE PREDICTIONS FORM BADDELEY'S AND COWAN'S MODELS.

63%
Orzechowski J., Balas R.
Psychological Studies
|
2006
|
vol. 44
|
issue 4
41-54
EN
The aim of presented studies was to determine which of the two alternative models of working memory (Baddeley's multiple-system model vs Cowan's single-system model) explains performance in various types of memory search task better. In two experiments the authors deal with the peculiar issue of working memory structure and possible role of activation mechanism in searching working memory contents. Both of them applied modified Sternberg's task in which after memorizing a sequence of elements participants had to judge whether the probe element was, or was not, present in the sequence. In Experiment I participants had to memorize stimuli in either one (verbal or visual) or multiple (verbal and visual) modality. In Experiment II subliminal visual priming was used to manipulate the activation of working memory content.The results of Experiment I suggest single-system coding of stimuli in working memory, whereas Experiment II results support the notion of activation as a working memory search mechanism.
6

TRAITS AND STRUCTURE OF TEMPERAMENT IN THE FIELD DEPENDENT VS INDEPENDENT SUBJECTS

51%
Bednarek H., Wytykowska A. M., Orzechowski J.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
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2005
|
vol. 12
87-106
EN
The purpose of this study was to examine the relations between cognitive styles (field dependence-independence) and temperamental structures. Correlation analyses indicated that activity and endurance are related to field-independence. Inter-correlation analyses, which were carried out separately for the field-dependent and field-independent groups, show that activity is not related to other temperamental traits in the field-independent group of subjects. Furthermore, It was examined the differentiation of temperamental structures within the groups of field-dependent and field independent subjects. It was revealed that only field-dependency is clearly related to the structure of temperament indicating low capability to process stimulation. The results are discussed in terms of the role of cognitive styles in regulation stimulation process and the interplay between temperamental traits and cognitive styles in development of the structure of temperament.
7

TIE - EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE TEST

51%
Smieja M., Orzechowski J., Beauvale A.
Psychological Studies
|
2007
|
vol. 45
|
issue 1
19-31
EN
The article presents theoretical assumptions, structure, and psychometric analyses of the first Polish test of Emotional Intelligence (TIE). The TIE is based on the ability model of emotional intelligence formulated by Mayer and Salovey. According to that theory, it consists of four subscales: perception, understanding, facilitation and management of emotions. Respondents read short stories featuring people in emotional situations and their task is to assess to what extent each of the given possible answers solve the problem. In opposition to other methods, the TIE is a performance test aimed at measuring abilities rather than self-reports. Psychometric characteristics of this new method are acceptable and sufficient for research and psychological diagnosis (the global scale). The TIE achieved reasonable reliability (Cronbach's alfa for the global scale is 0.88, for the subscales it ranges from 0.60 to 0.74). Significant but moderate correlations between TIE scores and the measure of crystallized intelligence, as well as lack of significant relationships between our method and the test of fluid intelligence, prove the discriminant validity of the TIE. These results are supported by the fact the TIE correlates significantly, but weaker in comparison to self-assessment scales, with personality measures. Finally, the validity of the test is confirmed by the systematic sex differences in TIE scores.
8

DECISION MAKING STRATEGIES AND WORKING MEMORY

39%
Wichary S., Orzechowski J., Kossowska M., Markovic J., Slifierz S., Bukowski M.
Psychological Studies
|
2005
|
vol. 43
|
issue 1
97-102
EN
The authors investigated whether capacity for short term information storage influences the complexity of the choice process. To this end a study was conducted where participants 1) had to memorize a string of digits and then recognize a target digit which was either present or absent in the string (working memory (WM) task) and 2) had to choose one of four alternatives described on six dimensions (multi-attribute choice task). Subjects who decided longer and acquired more information before the decision were also more correct on the WM task, especially in the more demanding condition of exhaustive search. Additionally, for those subjects with the higher tendency to search pre-decisional information selectively the performance on WM task deteriorated more slowly with increasing memory load. These results point to the inverse relationship between the capacity to store information for a short time and the complexity of the process of decision making.
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