Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 14

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
EN
The article presents one of the relatively new approaches of lexicological registration and elaboration on neologisms (so called veille néologique, i.e. neological watch). As an example we will present an international project, EMPNEO, which aims to research the spreading of new borrowings, most frequently from English, to some selected languages.
PL
Dzięki ustaleniom XIX-wiecznego językoznawstwa historyczno-porównawczego, pokrewieństwo języków romańskich i słowiańskich nie ulega dziś wątpliwości, choć z pewnością można uznać, że języki francuski i polski pozostają jednak kuzynami dość dalekimi. Długo można by się rozwodzić nad różnicami gramatycznymi, które je dzielą, od fonologicznych, przez morfologiczne, aż po składniowe. Wobec skomplikowanej gramatyki, słownictwo francuskie wydaje się jednak Polakowi z pewnością bardziej przystępne, co wynika ze specyficznych (choć dalece nieidentycznych) powiązań obu języków z łaciną, a także jest pochodną historycznych kontaktów Francji i Polski. Szczególnie one dawały przez wieki okazję do pojawiania się licznych zapożyczeń z francuszczyzny w języku polskim. Wobec faktu stałej ewolucji języków, los zapożyczenia nie jest nigdy z góry określony: z punktu widzenia semantycznego może ono pozostać wiernym ekwiwalentem wyrazu, od którego pochodzi, albo też zmienić znaczenie, czasem nawet w sposób radykalny. W niniejszym artykule poświęconym zjawisku faux amis, czyli zapożyczeń, których sens silnie uległ zmianie, badamy drogę i sposób asymilacji kilku wyrazów tego typu w polszczyźnie, wykazując, że w tak delikatnej materii jak pożyczki językowe konieczne jest niejako indywidualne studiowanie każdego przypadku.
EN
Thanks to the arrangements of the 19th century historical linguistics, the consanguinity of the Romance and Slavic languages is nowadays unquestionable, although one can acknowledge that the French and Polish languages remain rather far cousins. It could be a long dispute when grammatical differences are considered – from phonologic, through morphologic, to syntactic. Due to its complicated grammar, French vocabulary seems to a Polish person much more intelligible, which results from specific (however far from being identical) connection of both languages to Latin, as well as from French and Polish historical contacts. Especially those, for centuries, gave an opportunity for many loanwords from French to appear in the Polish language. Due to the fact of permanent evolution of languages, the fate of a loanword is never predestinated: from the semantic perspective it may remain a faithful equivalent of the word from which it originates or it may change its meaning, sometimes even in a radical way. In my article, concerning the phenomenon of faux amis, that is loanwords, which meanings have strongly changed, I discern the route and the way of assimilation of some of these words in the Polish language, showing that in such a delicate matter as language borrowings it is needed to study each case, to some extent individually.
EN
Few drinks are as present in French culture as absinthe. This spirit, treated by some as a fée verte (‘green fairy’), accused by others of “making it mad and criminal”, has provided a motif widely exploited in literature, painting, song, and so on. The effects of this specific alcohol, its ritual, its sociality, the addiction it provoked were often addressed in the speech of the great French and world literature. The use of absinthe was widely popularized in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in all social circles. Consequently, the drink obtained in French several informal appellations, oscillating between the meliorative formulations like fée verte (‘green fairy’) and pejoratives, like poison vert (‘green poison’). In our article, we discuss the lexicon of absinthe, standard and non-standard, as well as the way different French authors have spoken about absinthe in their works.
FR
Peu de boissons sont aussi présentes dans la culture française que l’absinthe, ce spiritueux à base de Artemisia absinthium, autrement nommée herbe de la Saint-Jean. Traitée par les uns comme fée verte, accusée par les autres « qu’elle rend fou et criminel, fait de l’homme une bête et menace l’avenir de notre temps » (formulations des ligues de vertu du début du XXe s.), l’absinthe a fourni un motif largement exploité dans la littérature, dans la peinture, dans la chanson etc. L’usage de l’absinthe s’est largement popularisé à la fin du XIXe et au début de XXe siècle. Par conséquent, la boisson a obtenu en français plusieurs appellations informelles, oscillant entre les formulations mélioratives comme nymphe verte et péjoratives comme poison vert. Dans notre article, il sera question de présenter le lexique de l’absinthe, standard et non standard, ainsi que la façon dont différents auteurs français ont parlé de cette boisson dans leurs ouvrages.
EN
Geographically distant societies do not always share the same cultural restrictions; similarly, next generations sometimes abandon old taboos, creating new ones at the same time. One can observe that a new taboo in modern Western societies is elderliness. In traditional societies, considered as a period of life in which experience gathered through the years gave an elderly person the privilege of being the leader of the group, the passer of knowledge and collective memory. Nowadays elderliness is losing this status, in the age of dynamic progress of education and new media (Balard, 2007). Moreover, with the process of eldering of societies, oldness is becoming more banal and is not a value per se, as it used to be before. On the contrary, the anthropological model dominating in the Western culture is valuating infinite youth and does not leave much place for elderliness and its problems, neither in public life, nor in social discourse. Basing on the textual corpus from years 2015–16, chosen from the Europresse base, our article analyses lexical and discursive tools used in press in order to go around contemporary taboos concerned with talking about elderliness and elderly people.
FR
De même que des communautés plus ou moins éloignées du point de vue géographique ne partagent pas forcément les mêmes interdits, des générations qui suivent abandonnent souvent des tabous valables pour les générations précédentes, tout en pouvant en créer de nouveaux. Il semble que pour les sociétés contemporaines la vieillesse constitue un nouveau sujet de contournement. Vue dans les sociétés traditionnelles comme une période où l’expérience acquise au cours d’une longue vie permettait au vieillard de guider son groupe, de transmettre des savoirs et la mémoire collective, elle perd ce statut actuellement, à l’époque où l’éducation et les nouvelles technologies ont acquis une importance particulière (Balard, 2007). Qui plus est, au fur et à mesure que la population vieillit, le grand âge se banalise et cesse de constituer une valeur en soi, comme cela a été le cas autrefois. À l’opposé, le modèle anthropologique dominant dans la culture occidentale contemporaine, basé sur une quête de jeunesse éternelle, ne laisse plus beaucoup de place à la vieillesse et ses problèmes, tant dans l’espace public que dans le discours social. Sur la base d’un corpus de textes journalistiques recueillis dans la base de données Europresse en 2015 et 2016, notre communication se propose de présenter les procédés, lexicaux d’une part et discursifs de l’autre, qui sont utilisés afin de contourner le tabou de la vieillesse.
EN
Our article tackles the subject of the creation of the adjectives in French language in recent years. The questions that have arisen in the course of the investigation concern the vitality of the category of adjectives compared to other parts of speech, as well as the most frequent ways in which adjective neologisms have emerged in recent years. We also ask if the very significant influence of English language on the newest French lexis is also evident in case of adjectives, and finally whether the analysis of neologisms within this category enables to limit the field of study to Romance languages only.
6
100%
EN
Along with antonymy and synonymy, hyperonymy is one of the basic semantic relations in lexis. In specialistic terminologies the status of hyperonymy seems to be exceptional since this type of vocabulary reflects the hierarchic character so typical for many fields of science. This article presents the phenomenon of hyperonymy in the language of medicine in which it does not only perform the task of ordering terminology, but is also an important factor which is a condition of creation of new terms.
EN
Comparison, a rhetorical device, most often referred to as a figure of thought, is associated with those stylistic conventions that are willingly and pervasively used in discourse. Its double-element structure, also containing an obligatory comparison word (e.g., comme, like, jak, etc.), provides an opportunity to juxtapose concepts which are often very distant from each other and constitutes a crucial instrument for the categorization of phenomena of the world. It is a key to our understanding and conceptualization. The article investigates how the French and Polish languages use comparisons containing the adjective of an exceptionally rich connotative value: red (rouge /czerwony).
PL
Porównanie, chwyt retoryczny opisywany najczęściej jako figura myśli, należy do środków styli-stycznych szczególnie chętnie używanych w dyskursie. Jego dwuczłonowa struktura, zawierająca również konieczny łącznik (np. comme, like, jak, etc.), daje możliwość zestawiania pojęć niekiedy bardzo odległych, przez co stanowi wygodny instrument kategoryzacji zjawisk świata i klucz do jego zrozumienia. Niniejszy artykuł bada, jak języki francuski i polski używają porównań zawierających przymiotnik o szczególnie bogatej wartości konotacyjnej: rouge/czerwony.
FR
Jean-François Sablayrolles, Les néologismes. Créer des mots nouveaux aujourd’hui, Éditions Garnier, Paris 2017
EN
Taking as a starting point the nowadays evident role of media in the process of forming public opinion, our article focuses on the function performed in it by the title pages of periodicals. The analysis of their iconic and textual message (based on the covers of French magazines concerning the so-called affaire DSK) allows to state that it mainly serves the purpose of building up emotions in the receiver, which eventually is meant to achieve a certain persuasive effect
EN
The article analyzes the way in which the modern car-advertisement defines the identity of women as potential purchasers – to whom it is designed to get through. The research includes language and iconic instruments by which this type of advertisement aims to create a feminized market of products formerly recognized as traditionally masculine. The identification of the addressee of each publicity material might be subsumed under a set of stereotypes, thus enabling advertisers to get across their message using the code of addressee’s own values. The present paper concentrates on the linguistic specifity of the ads for high-tech goods (automobiles) targeting the feminine public and eventually points out their high degree of markedness according to the sex of addressees. Discourse analysis and a closer look at linguistic means appearing in French, Spanish and Polish automotive commercials both reveals a stereotyped woman’s image and shows how they happen to perpetutate it.
EN
As far as illnesses which can be contracted by human beings are concerned one finds many designations, official or popular ones. A formal as well as semantic analysis of a certain number of these names was carried out for the purpose of the present paper using a corpus established by written sources such as dictionaries and literary texts. The result of this analysis consists of synonymous series of terms designating certain illnesses. This synonymy is not fortuitous. It shows a real linguistic need of calling a disease in a way particular to the speaker and the communication situation.
FR
Pour ce qui est des diverses maladies pouvant être contractées par les êtres humains, on trouve de nombreuses appellations, aussi bien officielles que populaires et/ou argotiques. L’analyse tant d’un point de vue formel que sémantique d’un certain nombre de ces désignations a été effectuée à partir d’un corpus constitué de relevés écrits (dictionnairiques et littéraires). Il en apparaît une image de séries synonymiques de termes désignant certaines maladies. Cette « synonymite » de noms de maladies n’est pas certes gratuite : elle traduit un réel besoin langagier d’appeler le mal d’une manière spécifique selon l’usager et la situation de communication.
EN
Our article is a lexical analysis that concerns the world of football and speaks about unofficial names for football teams, which exist alongside their official names and often reflect the strong feelings of their supporters and their opponents. For example, beside the official name, Futbol Club Barcelona the media use metonymic names evoking the colors of the club like Blaugranes or Azulgranas, but they also use a more emotional name – Barça. However, this same club is sometimes given a pejorative name – culés, coming from cul ‘behind’ in Catalan, or polacos ‘Poles’ (the pejorative name by which the Spanish designate the Catalans). Our analysis of the forms, content and roles of the unofficial names of some (French, Spanish and Polish) football teams allows us to propose a clear distinction between two types of nicknames: surnoms and sobriquets, two very distinct categories of chrematonyms.
FR
Notre article aborde la question des appellations non officielles des équipes de football, qui tout en existant à côté des appellations officielles de celles-ci, témoignent souvent des sentiments forts de leurs supporters et de leurs adversaires. Par exemple, à côté de la dénomination officielle, le Futbol Club Barcelona est souvent désigné par les médias au moyen des noms métonymiques évoquant les couleurs du club, Blaugranes ou Azulgranas, mais aussi par un nom plus affectif, Barça. Or, ce même club se voit parfois attribuer une dénomination dépréciative, culés, venant de cul ‘derrière’ en catalan, ou encore polacos ‘Polonais’ (nom péjoratif par lequel les Espagnols désignent les Catalans). Notre analyse des formes, du contenu et des rôles des appellations officieuses d’un certain nombre d’équipes de football (françaises, espagnoles et polonaises) permet de proposer une nette distinction entre les surnoms et les sobriquets, deux catégories de chrématonymes bien distinctes.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.