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EN
The aim of the article is a discussion of the need and the possibilities of evaluating and measuring the effectiveness of agricultural policy with a special attention given to the CAP. The issue of the value added by agricultural expenditure generated by the CAP is raised. The evolution of the CAP from market to rural development policy is presented. Its goals, measures and financing sources are shown. The need of such evaluation and necessary conditions for adequate evaluation and measuring are pointed out in the conclusion.
PL
Celem pracy jest próba wskazania na potrzebę i możliwości oceny i mierzenia efektywności wydatków na rolnictwo generowanych przez Wspólna Politykę Rolną Unii Europejskiej. Podjęto kwestią tworzenia wartości dodanej przez WPR odnosząc się głównie do polityki rozwoju wsi. Zarysowano ewolucję WPR w kontekście stosowanych celów, instrumentów i źródeł finansowania. We wnioskach wskazano na złożoność takiej oceny i warunki, które powinny być spełnione aby ją przeprowadzić.
EN
Before the Second World War, mutual insurance companies have developed dynamically and with great success. Then, after having vanished from the Polish market for about 50 years, they suddenly reappeared in 1991. The authoress analyses the reasons of the companies' inability of retrieving their old splendour, as well as the obstacles in their development. She asserts that both the new legal definition and the regulations from 2003 are not precise enough. Therefore, she suggests some changes and submits a wider legal definition of the mutual insurance society. It can be defined, according to the authoress, as a separate and independent subject - both legally and organisationally, existing only within the scope of insurance, voluntarily uniting its members and having the purpose of satisfying mutual insurance needs - in exchange for changeable fees. She also discusses whether the mutual insurance society as the subject of non-profit character can be an entrepreneur and lead a business activity. Undoubtedly, presented arguments proved the above thesis.
EN
There are few works on the obligatory character of civil liability insurance for vessel owners. Civil liability insurance for passenger vessels is regulated in Article 182 of the Maritime Code. This type of insurance for vessel owners to cover damages caused by oil pollution are described in Article 273 of the Maritime Code. These are the only types of maritime insurance that are obligatory. Accordingly, it is obvious that obligatory insurance for only two of many dozen maritime hazards, which can be insured against voluntarily, is grossly insufficient. With the exception of damages cased by oil, there is no obligation to obtain civil liability insurance for other types of damage. The international community has ratified an additional two conventions, which impose alternatives to obligatory insurance or financial security in cases of marine environmental pollution. These include the international convention of 1996 on liability and compensation for damages concerned with the shipping of hazardous and dangerous substances and the international convention of 2001 on civil liability for damages caused by bunker oil pollution. Neither of these two conventions has yet to come into force; however, it is possible that they will be ratified by Poland in the nearest future. The introduction of obligatory insurance should also cover other damages resulting from vessel exploitation. Such an obligation could induce increased shipping safety by eliminating vessels that do not comply with safety standards. It would also have an impact on the principles of fair competition in sailing as well as standardize insurance protection.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the multifunctional character of agriculture as a basis for the formulation of new objectives and creation of new forms of the implementation of the integrated development policy for agriculture and rural areas. The author describes the conditions and factors determining the multifunctionality of European agriculture, the products of multifunctional agriculture and ways of developing multifunctionality at various levels of activity. An analysis of the phenomenon of multifunctionality observable on a European scale has provided arguments in favor of the incorporation of multifunctionality into the programmes of integrated development of agriculture and rural areas in Poland.
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