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1

INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON MEMORY PROCESS EFFECTIVENESS

100%
Czerniawska E.
Ruch Pedagogiczny
|
2008
|
vol. 79
|
issue 1-2
35-47
EN
The paper presents three experiments conducted in order to broaden knowledge about the role of music accompanying memory processes. In the first and second investigation the same music and the same list of Polish words were used. The aim of the investigations was to check whether instrumental music - Mozart, Abba composition in instrumental version and culturally distant to subjects music (Chinese folk music) improves or disturbs memory processes when it accompanies memorization (in the first investigation) or precedes recall (in the second one). Both investigations were conducted in individual conditions with university students, respectively 100 and 80 subjects in the first and second investigation. The results showed that the influence of music was very weak, although in line with the hypothesized positive influence of Mozart and Abba, and a negative one of Chinese music. In the last investigation with 136 high school students, the effects of the music preceding or accompanying memorization were the focus of interest. The investigation was conducted in groups with instrumental and vocal, English, versions of the same composition, and subjects were asked to memorize a list of English words. No significant differences were found between the groups. In the general discussion different mechanisms of the potential influence of music on memory processes are put forth: priming, the Mozart effect, proactive and retroactive interference.
2

ODORS AS MEMORY CUES

63%
Czerniawska E., Czerniawska-Far J. M.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
|
2007
|
vol. 15
7-31
EN
The paper reviews research concerning the role of odors as memory tasks context and the possibility of improving retrieval from memory by using odors. First, the notion of 'Proust effect' is introduced, in its large and narrow sense. Next experimental research on the role of odors as memory cues, associated with the to be remembered material or simply present in the room, is presented. In such experiments arbitrary odors are used most often, what may markedly influence the results. Then research concerning odors as retrieval cues for authentic autobiographical memories are the focus of interest. The paper ends with an outline of problems in the investigation of the role of odors for the effectiveness of memory processes.
3

OLFACTORY MEMORY: UNIQUE IN ITS OWN?

63%
Czerniawska E., Czerniawska J. M.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
|
2005
|
vol. 11
7-29
EN
The paper contains a review of data concerning olfactory memory. The results of research suggest that olfactory memory is divided into a sensory register, a short-term storage and a long-term storage. The properties of the sensory register and short-term storage are similar to those observed in other modalities. The short-term olfactory memory stores about 6 elements, discloses a serial effect, odors are coded in a sensory, and not verbal code, and it is subject to interference. Odors can be stored for a very long time, but their identification and recognition are not always successful. Long-term coding of odors is similar as compared to other kind of material. Verbalization is helpful in this process, the encoding specifity principle is noted, as well as benefits from dual encoding. The tip-of-the-nose effect is observed. Women have higher achievements in olfactory memory as compared to men. Olfactory memory is present from birth and develops due to contacts with olfactory stimuli. In older age a deterioration in olfactory functioning and olfactory memory follows. Expert olfactory memory is the result of many exposures to specific olfactory stimuli and of the development of knowledge about them.
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