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EN
Kynotherapy is one of the innovatory methods of disabled children therapy ‘a dogassisted therapy” generally speaking is a method helping and strengthening rehabilitations with a dog’s participation which is properly selected, trained and led by a qualified therapist. In 1964,a child psychiatrist Boris Levinson noticed while observing autistic boys in contact with dogs that these animals had caused that autistic children having a communication problem in building up social contacts, established a contact with a dog without any trouble, and it gave a chance for a contact with a therapist in the future. For a working ‘therapy dog’ are selected and trained the representatives of breeds with mellow and good-tempered temperament, well-balanced psyche, patient, obedient and devoted to man. According to therapists an ideal dog in terms of character is one called a social dog, that is such a dog which except mentioned above features will be obedient not only towards people whom it knows well, but also towards every person it meets. A dog selected for work with disabled people has to be a completely foreseeable dog, that is the one which has encoded invariable features of character by his genes. Moreover, it is important that the therapy dog would not have aggressive, apprehensive, or ill ancestors in his pedigree. The main effect of this kind of a contact therapy consists in the physical contact (stroking, cuddling up to a dog, shaking the dog’s paw) and establishing psychical ties with the animal what has a positive influence over the course of the treatment. Despite many inconveniences kynotherapy gains more and more followers in rehabilitation of disabled people. The changes that have occurred for last several years in this innovatory therapy allow to suppose that kynotherapy will be developing incessantly, and ‘dog therapists’ will be able to reach to more and more large number of people in need.
EN
Humanistic psychology assumes that a child is by nature good and noble, and what he will become in the future depends on the kind of environment where the processes of upbringing and socialisation have taken place. Violence is beyond any doubt a social phenomenon which does not have any moral, territorial, or religious borders. Experiencing violence in childhood often determines undertaking destructive behaviours by an individual.
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EN
The problem of social misadaptation arouses big interest of the representatives of social sciences dealing with education and upbringing of children and teenagers in the present world. Maria Grzegorzewska – a forerunner in special needs education in Poland − introduced the notion of “social misadaptation” to Polish terminology. The following triple causes influence coming into existence of social misadaptation: - biological (internal) of an individual - including organic, e.g., the damages of the central nervous arrangement causing personality disorder; - psychical - conditioned, first of all, by the heredity factors encompassing the emotional and volitionary sphere- concerning the impulses what causes psychopathic changes; - environmental - a defective family structure, negligence of the upbringing environment, upbringing mistakes made by family and school, influence of the mass media on the formation of the social and moral attitudes of children and adolescents. That emotional rejection is an important factor influencing the rise of children’s social mis − adaptation. According to many pedagogues it appears when the child is unwanted, ignored and when parents do not dedicate appropriate amount of time to their child, disregard his school problems, do not take care of his health, education, clothes, but instead they use corporal punishments as a result of the lack of their upbringing skills. These disturbed interactions between the child and his parents, unsatisfied basic needs of the child, the lack of a sense of security at home can lead to behaviours unaccepted by the whole society in the future.
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A family as the oldest and the most widespread form of the collective life in the world is close to every intelligent and acting pro-socially human being. It is the basis of existence of nations and societies. The family is one of the main socializing institutions in which children learn and internalize gradually basic values and behaviour rules preparing to fulfil important social roles. The family is the place of conveying cultural heritage, and its influence does not stop even after reaching maturity. That is why proper functioning of every family is so important. There are distinguished three following variants of socialization which favour pathologisation of attitudes and components of personality: -“disturbed socialisation”- it is a result of applying inappropriate educational methods, pedagogical negligence, emotional rejection of the child in his early developmental stages, -“demoralisation”- it consists in abandonment of traditional values and insufficiently strong assimilating new values or also rejection of all values, -“subcultural socialisation”- it takes place within the limits outlined by the narrow social group and having subcultural character (e.g. in the family of thieves). In the consequence socialization leads to a conflict of an individual with the wider social community because of the content of norms and patterns assimilated within the given subculture.
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