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EN
The author writes about the differences in maritime insurance that exist to the present day.The new maritime code of the Russian Federation was implemented on May 1, 1999. It consists of 430 articles in 27 chapters. The XV chapter of the code consists of 38 articles and it regulates maritime insurance agreement issues.The subject of maritime insurance can include any financial business concerned with the merchant marine or compensation for work and other sums of money for vessel captains and crews, including repatriation and reinsurance.Unlike in Polish maritime code, the agreement for maritime insurance under Russian Federation law must be in writing. By definition, a maritime insurance agreement names not only the insurer and the party who is taking out the insurance but it also names the person for whom the agreement was entered into. In general, the policy only covers insured cargo.
EN
Participation in loss or damage by sacrifice stems from either custom or legal regulations. This obligation can also be limited by agreement between parties. The instrument for modifying the range of loss or damage by sacrifice is the set of principles in the York-Antwerp Rules. The York-Antwerp Rules are currently the oldest maritime trade institution in such common practical use. The definition of loss or damage by sacrifice comes from the rules accepted in 1924 which originated from British regulations on maritime insurance dating from 1906. In Polish maritime code, the term 'loss or damage by sacrifice' describes only a certain type of damage, independent of the means it was inflicted. Norwegian maritime code is a good example of a rational attitude towards this issue; article 211 of this code refers directly to the York-Antwerp Rules. In terms of legislative techniques, the York-Antwerp Rules are not perfect. The terms of dispatch and the role of the dispatcher, which are closely related to the loss and damage by sacrifice, are rather incidental in the York-Antwerp Rules and are on the margins of issues regarding the effectivity of settlement
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