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EN
The main objective of this article is to present flatteries in the speeches of the Four-Year Sejm (the Great Sejm 1788–1792). In the first part of the work I describe psychological, sociological and pragmatic aspects of flatteries. Then, I present diversity of these speech acts and analyze the main functions of flatteries in the speeches of parliamentarians. The main conclusion is that flatteries fulfil the functions of persuasion, language etiquette, expression, identification and integration.
EN
The article presents analysis of two newspapers from the 18th century: “Kurier Polski” and “Uprzywilejowane Wiadomości z Cudzych Krajów” as a prototype of contemporary tabloid. The main features of these newspapers are: content about life of upper class (gossip column: parties, births, funerals) and sensational events (killings, catastrophes), short messages, simple language, imagery, sentimentality. The features which disqualify “Kurier Polski” and “Uprzywilejowane Wiadomości z Cudzych Krajów” as tabloids are connected with technology and economy in the 18th century, for example the absence of photos and small edition.
EN
Legal acts of the regional councils represent the legal and official style. These documents contain numerous references to the sacred, which is the result of the communication convention in force in the Middle-Polish period and Sarmatian culture, represented by the participants of this communication. The Sejmiks were most often held in the church. The dating of documents also contained religious elements. Officials applied temporal terms determined by the liturgical calendar. The sacral motifs appear in many acts of speech, both polite (in titles, wishes, thanks) and performative (in oaths). The image of God in documents is similar to God’s image in literary works. God is seen above all as a creator, donor, ruler, guardian and judge. His traits are, for example, justice, kindness and mercy.
EN
In the article I analyse the speeches delivered in the Sejm of Piotrków in 1548 which aimed at persuading king Zygmunt August to relinquish the intention of marrying Barbara Radziwiłłówna. The most extensive and conspicuous one, given by Andrzej Górka, contains some of the arguments raised also by other deputies, namely evocation of divine power and citing the authority of the monarch’s ancestors. Górka makes use of such rhetorical means as repetitions, evaluative epithet, metaphor or rhetorical question, and, similarly to the other speakers, he uses imperative verbs (first of all, ‘plead’ and ‘advise’). All of the deputies’ addresses are firm and, simultaneously, adhering to the rules of language etiquette of the time.
EN
The aim of the article is to discuss linguistic manifestations of helplessness and pessimism of deputies to the last Sejm (parliament) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1793). Both categories were revealed in the parliament during presentations of the disastrous condition of the state. In part one of the article the author presents the lexical fabric used to present the image of the country. This is followed by a presentation of conceptual profiles of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, perceived as suffering, rejected, miserable, threatened, impoverished, destroyed, physically and psychologically abused as well as dying. The article ends with an analysis of the functioning of a pessimistic image in specific parliamentary speeches.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the textual tendencies used by Wincenty Witos in the texts addressed to serfs. The idiolect of Witos, based on the assumption that the personality of the author and his language are directly connected with each other, was analysed. Witos wrote his letters as simple, sincere and comprehensible texts, using humour and almost universal vocabulary (sometimes containing a colloquial speech). He applied reflections and metaphors, he referred also to experiences of ordinary people. He identified himself with the serfs and reduced distance between him and them. He often praised serfs and depreciated their enemies.
EN
The article is devoted to the functions of titles of academic books and papers dealing with linguistics. The author’s perspective refers to methodological tools drawing on e.g. Onomastics and rhetoric. The analysed material comprises 1000 titles of linguistic monographs, chapters in monographs and articles published over the last 15 years. Each of the titles serves nominative, identifying, individualising, compositional and formal functions. To most of them we can ascribe a descriptive (characterising and informative) function, manifested in informing the reader about the content of the document. It is precisely the linguistic expression of this function that determines the scholarly nature of these titles. Seemingly of little significance — when it comes to the analysed documents — the pragmatic function (especially advertising function) has become more important in recent years. It is expressed by means such as semantic fi gures (metaphor, value judgement), verbal figures (juxtaposition, inversion, diaphora, anaphora and triple enumeration) and intertextual games (quotes and idiomatic expressions). Scholarly books and papers — especially monographs — are increasingly treated as commodities, which need attractive advertising in order to attract interest of the reader or even encourage him or her to buy.
EN
An opening speech is avariant of aparliamentary speech delivered by the Speaker of the Sejm at the beginning of each day of parliamentary debate. It differs from other types of parliamentary speeches, because typically the latter represents the rhetoric style, whereas an opening speech combines rhetoric and official styles. The former style predominated until the 19th century, while after 1861 atypically official style begins to predominate. It has always been amulti-segment text, but the number of segments and their character have evolved with time. Thus, the number of elements of the composition is limited and the degree of their mandatory nature varies, which results from, e.g. external determinants (context). When illocutions are concerned, their general aims never change, contrary to detailed aims, even though since the times of the Diet of the Kingdom of Galicia relative stability may be observed in this respect. The stylistic aspect is the most significant. Although a feature of the opening speech is its openness, its form is schematic allowing for certain modifications. Two phenomena may be observed here — restricting the repertory of means (petrification, standardisation) and enriching the texts with etiquette formulas
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest apel jasnogórski traktowany jako gatunek w formie kolekcji, którą tworzą: pieśń, modlitwa, rozważanie, błogosławieństwo. Na początku omówiona została struktura gatunkową apelu, ze zwróceniem uwagi zarówno na wzorzec kanoniczny, jak i jego modyfikacje. Niezwykle interesująco prezentuje się aspekt pragmatyczny ze względu na skomplikowane relacje nadawczo-odbiorcze oraz złożony potencjał illokucyjny. Można tu bowiem mówić o „rozwarstwieniu” nadawcy i niejednorodnym adresacie. Analizowane przeze mnie teksty reprezentują styl religijny, zatem do głównych wyznaczników stylistycznych można zaliczyć: hieratyczność, formuliczność, metaforyczność i obecność terminologii religijnej. W aspekcie kognitywnym zwraca uwagę chrześcijański i narodowy punkt widzenia, a także kategoria czasu liturgicznego.
EN
The article touches upon the appeal from Jasna Góra, which has been treated as a collection genre including a hymn, a prayer, a sermon and a blessing. At first the author discusses the genre structure of the appeal and focuses on both the canon model and its alternations which determine the identity of the structural model. Special attention has been paid to the delimitation frame, features of a homily and the prayer segment as well as their interplay. The pragmatic aspect is very interesting, especially the complex sender-receiver relations, the effect of the presence of dialogue, a variety of people and a wealth of speech acts. The analysed texts represent the religious style whose most important features are: formulaic discourse, special terminology, metaphors, schematic character. In the cognitive aspect we observe the Christian (especially Roman Catholic) and national point of view. Also liturgical time is a very important category.
EN
In this article, I deal with derivatives created with the suffix -ówka, motivated by the name of a politician. In total, I collected 53 such units. They were confirmed in 86 meanings. They represent various categories, including names of the roads (gierkówka, schetynówka), villas (cyrankiewiczówka, jaroszewiczówka), financial amounts (wałęsówka, religówka), alcoholic beverages (Palikotówka, Misiewiczówka) and names of weapons (batorówka, kościuszkówka). The most meaningful formations are: tuskówka, korfantówka and kuroniówka. The popularity of this confluence is the result of the rich connotations possessed by word-formation bases. Therefore, the meanings of derivatives depend on knowledge and the broadly understood context.
PL
W artykule podejmuję problemy derywatów utworzonych za pomocą sufiksu -ówka motywowanych nazwiskiem polityka. Łącznie zgromadziłam 53 takie jednostki, które zostały poświadczone w 86 znaczeniach. Reprezentują one różne kategorie, między innymi nazwy dróg (gierkówka, schetynówka), willi (cyrankiewiczówka, jaroszewiczówka), kwot finansowych (wałęsówka, religówka), alkoholi (Palikotówka, Misiewiczówka) i nazwy broni (batorówka, kościuszkówka). Najwięcej znaczeń mają takie formacje, jak: tuskówka, korfantówka i kuroniówka. Popularność tego zabiegu jest rezultatem bogatych konotacji, jakie mają podstawy słowotwórcze. Znaczenia derywatów są zatem zależne od wiedzy oraz od szeroko pojętego kontekstu.
EN
The article presents strategies to attract attention to names relating to the literary characters in selected children’s books. Proper names are often part of the plot. The proper names present characters and describe them. This means that they have semantic value. Names are often the result of language games, including various derivation processes. One of the most interesting formative mechanisms are all kinds of word-formation inspired by two principles. A complete understanding of the intention is almost always contextual. Animal characters are named after anthroponyms. This is a result of a tendency, fairly typical of children’s literature, to transmit all the characters’ traits and behaviors in a way which is relatable to man.
Onomastica
|
2021
|
vol. 65
|
issue 2
237-254
EN
The article analyzes several dozen anthroponymic nicknames of politicians, which arose as a result of contamination and are motivated by the name of a politician and a common noun. I consider them not as isolated units, but formations within messages which include multimodal texts. The present analysis has been conducted within the framework of discourse onomastics and draws on the methodological tools of cultural linguistics. The examined structures are not so much a reflection of the extra-linguistic reality as an interpretation of the political, economic and social situation in Poland. The aim of the article is to answer the question: What image of Polish politicians is created in anthroponymic nicknames obtained by contamination. The conducted analyses prove that these onyms are the carrier of judgments concerning, for example, the intellect (Donald Półmusk, Paligłup), or the character and disposition (Bucek, Cykorski, Fałszydło) of politicians. Their behavior is sometimes compared to that of animals (Bydłoszewski, Szyszkodnik). Most of the surveyed individuals express emotions related to e.g. the artifacts attributed to politicians (Ryszard Swetru, Vateusz Morawiecki) or the event they became famous for (Andrzej Cuda). Some of the studied names are motivated by more than one anthroponym, e.g. the onym Vateusz Maowiecki was formed as a result of contamination of such units as: Mateusz Morawiecki, Mao Zedong and VAT. The interpretation of this type of units is possible only thanks to the knowledge of the extra-linguistic context and taking into account semiotic codes other than the verbal code.
PL
W artykule zanalizowano kilkadziesiąt przezwisk antroponimicznych odnoszących się do polityków, które powstały w wyniku kontaminacji i są motywowane nazwiskiem polityka oraz rzeczownikiem pospolitym. Rozpatruję je nie jako izolowane jednostki, ale formacje będące składnikiem komunikatów, w tym również tekstów multimodalnych. Przeprowadzona analiza wpisuje się w nurt onomastyki dyskursu i czerpie z narzędzi metodologicznych językoznawstwa kulturowego. Badane struktury stanowią nie tyle odbicie rzeczywistości pozajęzykowej, ile interpretację sytuacji politycznej, gospodarczej i społecznej w Polsce. Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie: Jaki obraz polityków polskich kreowany jest w kontaminacyjnych przezwiskach antroponimicznych. Przeprowadzone analizy dowodzą, że są one nośnikiem ocen dotyczących, np. intelektu (Donald Półmusk, Paligłup) oraz charakteru i usposobienia (Bucek, Cykorski, Fałszydło) polityków. Ich zachowanie się bywa porównywane do zachowania się zwierząt (Bydłoszewski, Szyszkodnik). Większość badanych jednostek jest wyrazem emocji związanych np. z przypisywanymi politykom artefaktom (Ryszard Swetru, Andrzej Juda, Vateusz Morawiecki) lub ze zdarzeniem, z którego zasłynęli (Andrzej Cuda). Niektóre z badanych nazw motywowane są więcej niż jednym antroponimem, np. formacja Vateusz Maowiecki  powstała w wyniku kontaminacji takich jednostek, jak: Mateusz Morawiecki, Mao Zedong oraz VAT. Interpretacja tego typu jednostek możliwa jest wyłącznie dzięki znajomości kontekstu pozajęzykowego oraz uwzględnieniu innych kodów semiotycznych niż kod werbalny.
EN
Resolutions adopted by regional councils in the Middle Polish age are highly valuable to a historian of the Polish language, since they are testimonies to the early Polish official style. The research leads to the conclusion that the repertoire of performative verbs used for verbalising norms was fairly extensive and contained both native words, mainly prefixal verbs (e.g. odkładać, odsyłać, naznaczać, postanowić, ustanowić, umacniać, uwalniać), and genetically Latin lexis (e.g. aprobować, akceptować, deklarować, deputować, libertować, prefigować). All declaratives in the resolutions are realised by means of indicative sentences with the predicate in the 1st person plural, less frequently in the 3rd person singular. The intentions discussed above are only occasionally expressed using impersonal forms, which prevail in the contemporary official texts.
PL
Lauda uchwalane przez sejmiki ziemskie w dobie średniopolskiej mają dużą wartość dla historyka języka polskiego, ponieważ są świadectwem początków stylu urzędowego w polszczyźnie. Badania doprowadzają do wniosku, że repertuar czasowników performatywnych wykorzystywanych do werbalizowania norm był dość duży i zawierał zarówno wyrazy pochodzenia rodzimego, głównie czasowniki prefiksalne (np. odkładać, odsyłać, naznaczać, postanowić, ustanowić, umacniać, uwalniać), jak również leksykę genetycznie łacińska (np. aprobować, akceptować, deklarować, deputować, libertować, prefigować). Wszystkie deklaratywy w laudach są realizowane za pomocą zdań oznajmujących z orzeczeniem w 1. os. l. mn., rzadziej w 3. os. l. poj. Omówione wyżej intencje sporadycznie natomiast są wyrażane formami bezosobowymi, które dominują we współczesnych tekstach urzędowych.
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