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Choroby cywilizacyjne XXI wieku

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EN
Lifestyle diseases are diseases of inherent negative effects of living in a highly developed civilization, and the twenty‑first century is full of negative effects of globalization and urbanization. Environmental pollution, excessive pace of life, chronic fatigue and constant stress have led to many psychiatric disorders (anxiety, depression, phobias), cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and coronary heart disease, cancer, allergies, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity and diabetes, which are all referred to collectively as the twenty‑first century civilization diseases. Also the use of alcohol, drugs, stimulant drugs or tranquilizers as a means of escape from problems leads to further addictions. To avoid all these conditions one should lead a healthy, active lifestyle while increasing the quality of life for future generations.
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Życie w ekstremalnych warunkach

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PL
W artykule omówiono różne typy środowisk charakteryzujące się ekstremalnie wysokimi lub niskimi wartościami temperatury, mianowicie obszary pustynne, środowisko kominów hydrotermalnych i gejzerów oraz obszary koła podbiegunowego i głębi oceanów. Żyjące w tych środowiskach organizmy wytworzyły szereg ewolucyjnych przystosowań, dzięki którym mogą się rozwijać i rozmnażać w ekstremalnych środowiskach. Przeanalizowano również możliwości życia w warunkach pozaziemskich, a więc w Kosmosie.
EN
This article discusses the extreme environmental conditions of life, namely the low and high temperatures, hot climate of desert, cold climate North and South Poles, conditions of deep water of oceans. There are the examptes of special ecosystems as the Vida lake in Antarctica, hydrothermal vents, or geysers. The living organisms, particularly the microorganisms, evolved in these conditions have developed specific features. Cosmic sources of life on Earth has also been taken into consideration in the article.
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I dalej nie wiemy, co to jest stres?

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EN
The notion of stress was introduced to science by Hans Selye. In medical nomenclature stress is a homeostasis disorder due to physical or psychological factors. These factors can cause a formation of different functional, morphological and psychological changes. Universally, stress is recognized as a harmful phenomenon. Undesirable conditions bring on strong or chronic stress. Many researchers recognize stress as a basic development factor. The notion of stress today is still inexplicable ad finem.
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