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PL
Mimo kilkudziesięciu wzmianek w Nowym Testamencie, uogólniony portret Judasza jest wciąż rozmazany, pełno w nim miejsc niedookreślonych. Jego zwielokrotniony portret pamięciowy wikła się w sprzecznościach, podstawowy korpus świadectw z trudem daje się uspójnić. Nie ma jasności nawet w kwestii tego, co przez stulecia uznawano za pewne (jak jego ewangeliczny przydomek Judasza („Iskariota”, „z Kariotu”). Zwornikiem studium jest krótki tekst Jorge Luisa Borgesa Trzy wersje Judasza, zaliczany zwyczajowo do opowiadań. Narracja ta traktowana jest tu jako jeden z fascynujących i nieortodoksyjnych głosów w wielowiekowej sztafecie interpretacyjnej mającej za przedmiot człowieka uchodzącego za największego zdrajcę w dziejach.
EN
Despite several score mentions in the New Testament a generalised portrait of Judas still remains blurred and full of underspecified fragments. His intensified facial composite becomes involved in contradictions, and the fundamental body of testimonies can be rendered cohesive with difficulty. Even that, which for centuries has been recognised as certain (such as Judas’ Evangelical cognomen: “Iscariot”, “of Kerioth”), remains unclear. The keystone of the presented study is a brief text by Jorge Luis Borges: Three Versions of Judas, conventionally regarded as a short story. Here the narrative is treated as one of the fascinating and unorthodox voices in a centuries-old interpretation relay whose object is a person regarded as the greatest traitor in history.
EN
The presented text is an attempt at an anthropological approach to the image of Venice presented in 'Perversion' by the outstanding Ukrainian author Yuri Andrukhovych. In this sophisticated literary joke, the author conducted an ironic and refined deconstruction of the stereotypical likeness of Venice, recorded in numerous literary texts. He reverts the signs and shows the second, darker side of the over-aestheticised and melodramatic portrayal of the town. As always, Venice proved to be a magnifying glass of European civilisation, but in the case of Andrukhovych it is a crooked mirror of the contemporary 'post-carnival nonsense of the world', as in the title of one of the papers read at a seminar of pseudo-intellectuals described in the novel.
PL
O micie u Schulza napisano wiele. Odsłaniano pokrewieństwa jego koncepcji mitu z propozycjami dwudziestowiecznych teoretyków mitu, wskazywano na twórcze zapożyczenia pisarza o filologów (Karl Kerenyi) i pisarzy (Tomasz Mann). Autor proponuje odczytanie wizjonerskiego eseju Schulza Mityzacja rzeczywistości z dwóch słabo rozpoznanych perspektyw: relacji między mitem i nauką oraz przyszłości mitu. Widziany w tym kontekście tekst Schulza okazuje się doskonale współczesny, wyprzedza rozpoznania filozofii nauki (Enzensberger) i hermeneutyki (Gadamer) o lat kilkadziesiąt.
EN
Much has been written about the myth in Schulz’s œuvre. The affiliations of his conception of the myth and the proposals of twentieth-century theoreticians of myths have disclosed Schulz’s creative borrowings from sophists (Karl Kerényi) and men of letters (Thomas Mann). The author proposes deciphering Schulz’s visionary essay: Mityzacja rzeczywistości (The Mythisation of Reality) from two insufficiently defined perspectives: the relation between the myth and science as well as the future of the myth. Seen within this context the Schulz text proves to be completely contemporary and precedes by several decades the diagnoses of the philosophy of science (Enzensberger) and hermeneutics (Gadamer).
PL
Spoon River Anthology, arcydzieło Edgara Lee Mastersa z 1915 roku, stwarza na naszych oczach mikrokosmos fikcyjnego miasteczka amerykańskiego Midwestu. Nie jest to antropologiczna panorama, czy zapis socjologiczny. To teksty przypominające raczej wnikliwe fotograficzne portrety, które próbują wydobyć na jaw osobność, wyjątkowość portretowanego. W swojej antologii Masters schodzi pod ziemię i przywraca zmarłych do istnienia. 243 epitafia zawierają opowieści o ich ziemskich żywotach. Każdy kolejny tekst to kawałek oderwanego puzzle’a, składający się na wizję prowincjonalnego świata. Paradoks Spoon River Anthology polega na tym, że mówiąc o zaświatach, o krainie śmierci, mówi w zasadzie o życiu. Tylko o śmierci nie potrafi powiedzieć nic.
EN
“Spoon River Anthology”, the masterpiece by Edgar Lee Masters (1915), creates right in front of our eyes a micro-cosmos of a fictional small town in the American Midwest. This is by no means an anthropological panorama or a sociological record but texts that resemble rather incisive photographic portraits, which try to extract the distinctness and exceptional character of the portrayed sitter. In his anthology Masters went underground and brought the dead back to life: 243 epitaphs contain stories about their lives on Earth, each successive text being a piece of a puzzle creating a vision of the world of the provinces. The paradox of “Spoon River Anthology” consists of the fact that while speaking about the netherworld, the land of death, it actually speaks about life and is incapable of saying something exclusively about death.
EN
The point of departure for this article is composed of two brief texts by Federico Fellini and Slawomir Mrozek referring to the phenomenon of the province. Upon their example the author depicted the titular paradox of the province: the fact that in order to actually perceive the province and put it to creative use one must abandon it and view it from a temporal and spatial distance. In this artistic phenomenology of the province the myth of departure encounters the myth of the return. In both texts the province reveals itself as a true and animating source of creativity.
EN
Three essays from a book about Baroque music (Kwintesencje. Pasaże barokowe) deal with the “dark semantics” of compositions by John Rowland, Carl Gould, and Matthias Beckmann. The author portrayed Baroque music as a “speech of sounds” and followed its expression potential, in particular as regards the capacity to convey extreme states and emotions (sadness, despair, melancholy and death).
EN
In this introduction to the current issue the author drew attention to the enrootment of the contemporary discourse about animals in assorted philosophical and world outlook languages inherited from history, arguing that there is no cognitively innocent language for talking about animals. More, he brought to the fore the difficulties of linguistically (and not only) tackling the problem and the man-animal relation within the humanistic reflection on man. The texts presented in this issue of 'Konteksty' attempt to make the reader aware of the topicality and importance of the animal question.
EN
In Western culture hunting has a long and historical lineage and is regarded as one of the cultural practices sanctioned by age-old tradition and customs. Today, despite the fact that it has ceased being a life necessity, it still remains a lively fragment of that culture. The hunt has turned into an exciting form of spending leisure time and a phenomenon situated between a hobby, entertainment and sport. The presented text seeks an answer to questions about the mythological dimension of the chase. The author carried out a critical deconstruction of the universal myth of the hunt upon the basis of two instructive books: Zbigniew Kruczynski's 'Farba znaczy krew' and Tomasz Matkowski's 'Polowaneczko'. He was interested in the real (and not merely imaginary) image in contemporary culture, and thus endeavoured to recreate the mental premises at the basis of hunting and to demonstrate their consequences (for Nature and man). Concluding, the authior asserted that the contemporary hunt is 'intellectual tomfoolery, a cultural absurdity and an ethical scandal' and demanded its delegalisation.
PL
W niepokojącym wierszu Nauka chodzenia, Tadeusz Różewicz oznajmia: „w ostatnich dwóch latach biorę lekcje/u pastora Dietricha Bonhoeffera”. Widziana z poziomu uklepanych frazesów na temat światopoglądu poety, ta deklaracja musi brzmieć dość zaskakująco. Poeta, którego uznawano za dyżurnego ateistę polskiej poezji, twórca, którego proklamowano jako nihilistę i proroka nicości, zwraca się oto, dość niespodziewanie, w stronę nauk ewangelickiego pastora. Ten gest – na pierwszy rzut oka, może niejasny, może wątpliwy, może samozaprzeczny – da się wszakże zrozumieć, trzeba tylko zacząć kopać poniżej obiegowych banałów. Mówiąc krótko: stawiam tezę, że twórczość Różewicza, zwłaszcza jej późna część, grawituje w stronę pewnej postaci poetyckiej teologii (w wersji mocno nieortodoksyjnej!) a postać protestanta Bonhoeffera jest tego zwrotu widomym śladem. Śladem może nie jedynym, ale na tyle wyrazistym, że warto go podjąć.
EN
In his disturbing poem: nauka chodzenia (Learning to Walk) Tadeusz Różewicz declared: “In the last two years I take lessons / from Pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer”. Seen from the level of banal phrases about the poet’s world outlook this declaration must sound rather surprising. An author regarded as the “on call” atheist of Polish poetry, a writer proclaimed as a nihilist and a prophet of nullity, now, rather unexpectedly, turns towards the teachings of an Evangelical pastor. This gesture - at first glance perhaps unclear, doubtful, and self-negating -– can be, however, understood once we begin to dig deeper beneath conventional banalities. In a word: I propose the thesis that the Różewicz oeuvre, in particular its later part, gravitates towards a certain form of poetic theology (in an extremely unorthodox version!) and that the person of the Protestant Bonheoffer is a discernible trace of that turn. Quite possibly it is not the sole trace but sufficiently conspicuous to make following it worthwhile.
PL
Przedmiotem tekstu jest fotograficzne archiwum Stefanii Gurdowej. W roku 1997 dokonano niespodziewanego odkrycia 1200 szklanych negatywów jej autorstwa zamurowanych na strychu jednej z kamienic w Dębicy. Z ich nieciągłej numeracji wynik, że mamy do czynienia z fragmentami szerszego korpusu fotograficznego (nie wiemy jak rozległego). Samo istnienie tego zbioru fotograficznego (w istocie będącego dziełem przypadku), generuje dwa ważne pytania: co usytuowanie fotografii jej autorstwa w kontekście archiwalnym mówi o nich samych, ale też co wnoszą one do wiedzy o – złożonej i niejednoznacznej – idei archiwum? Próbując ożywić nieme archiwum Gurdowej konfrontuję jej szklane wizerunki (w reprezentatywnym wyborze) z wierszami-biogramami z poetyckiego zbioru E. L. Mastersa, Spoon River Anthology.
EN
The topic of this text is the photographic archive of Stefania Gurdowa. An unexpected discovery of her 1200 glass negatives, walled up in an attic in one of the town houses in Dębica, was made in 1997. Intermittent numbering demonstrates that we are dealing with fragments of a wider photographic body (whose extent remains unknown). The very existence of this collection (which is actually coincidental) generates two important questions: what does the process of situating photographs within an archival context say about them, but also what do they contribute to knowledge about the composite and unambiguous idea of an archive? While attempting to bring the Gurdowa archive alive the author of the article confronts the artist’s glass images (in a representative selection) with poems-biograms from Spoon River Anthology by E.L. Masters.
EN
This anthropological interpretation envisages the outstanding documentary film by Bruno Monsaingeon: Piotr Anderszewski. Voyageur intranquille (Medici Arts International 2008) predominantly as a particular 'text of culture', made up of assorted semantic ingredients. The author analyses not so much a portrait of the artist but, primarily, a story about the home. Or more precisely: about different homes, those enrooted in actual space and those suspended in spaces of a more subtle nature. A story about leaving the home and returning to it. About seeking a home or home-oriented nostalgia. On the literal level: about a train carriage changed into a temporary home. Finally: on the last level of this film: a story about a home created out of sounds, fleeting music constructions, erecting an ethereal albeit real space of a home. The interpreted film is also a story about dwelling, connected with empirical topography, which it is possible to measure by means of geographical parameters; it is also a film about the sort of residence that Martin Heidegger described while commenting on the famous refrain from Hoelderlin: 'Man dwells poetically on this earth'.
EN
An attempt at an anthropological view of the history of twentieth-century Europe from the point of view of metaphorology. The author tried to reconstruct its cultural and ideological idiom via the prism of two metaphorical figures: the 'ome' and the 'spirit'. Consequently, he conducted a more detailed analysis of the contents of such expressions as: 'the European Home' (an instructive example being the book by the French politologist T. Delpech: 'Savage Century: Back to Barbarism') and the 'Spirit of Europe' (an important vision from a collection of lectures by the Czech philosopher and theologian Tomás Halik: 'Summoned or Not, God Shall Appear'). The knowledge about the essence of the 'European quality' (especially in its twentieth-century form) that emerges from an analysis of the two expressions does not incline towards optismism. The texts by both authors disclose that apparently 'the European Home' denotes not only a safe region, but also the dark 'basements' inhabited by phantoms. In turn, the 'Spirit of Europe' is an expression that, alongside bright connotations, also contains sinister (wild and untamed) regions of the subconscious. Only the inclusion of those undesired and forgotten spaces into living European awareness (a sui generis counterpart of Jung's 'integration of the shadow') can become a condition for its spiritual renascence.
EN
This text is part of a book (in print) on the ways of portraying Venice in imagery and word. Upon the basis of a number of selected examples (including an essay by E. Bien kowska: 'Co mówia kamienie Wenecji?' (What Do the Stones of Venice Say?), a sketch by G. Simmel:'Venedig', a novel by J. Andruchowycz: 'Perwersja' (Perversion) the author demonstrates various possible strategies of representing the town in linguistic discourses. By appling the semiotic concepts of a town's Text (in order to designate a holistic corpus of individual texts about Venice), he accentuates the motifs that organise them, searches for their enrolment in narration schemes, and follows the game, conflict and tension involving contradictory likenesses of the town.
PL
Czarnobylska modlitwa Swietłany Aleksijewicz to organizm wielotekstowy, jego sens można projektować na wiele sposobów. W swojej lekturze książki autor pomija kilka istotnych dyskursów spośród tych, które najczęściej eksponowane są w tekstach analitycznych: polityczny, technologiczny, religijny, futurologiczny etc. Skupia się przede wszystkim na wyraźnie w niej obecnym dyskursie egzystencjalnym. Na zapisie cierpienia, bólu i śmierci będących udziałem uczestników katastrofy. W konkluzji przeciwstawia dwie, obecne w tekście metafory: „sarkofag” i „drzwi”. Sugeruje, że streszczają się w nich dwa kontradykcyjne sposoby myślenia o katastrofie w Czarnobylu.
EN
Chernobyl Prayer by Svetlana Alexievich is a multi-text organism whose meaning can be projected in many ways. While reading the book the author of this article omitted several essential discourses among those most often exposed in analytical texts: political, technological, religious, futurological, etc., and concentrated predominantly on the existential discourse: a register of the suffering, pain, and death experienced by the participants of the catastrophe. The conclusion contrasts two metaphors present in the discussed text: ”sarcophagus” and ”door”, suggesting that they summarise two contradictory modes of thinking about the Chernobyl catastrophe.
EN
A text accompanying Invisible Maps, a book by the photographer Andrzej Kramarz.
EN
The article starts with an examination of the question of understanding a painting presented in Balzac's story 'Le Chef-d'oeuvre inconnu'. The author shows similarities and differences between the vision of the painting presented in Balzac's legendary text and its film adaptation in Jacques Rivette's 'La Belle Noiseuse'. He focuses on the rhetoric of the conversation on the ontology of image contained in the painting, and the consequences of such understanding on the purposes and nature of art as a whole.
PL
Wit (2001) Mike’a Nicholsa jest filmem radykalnie nieprzystającym do współczesnej produkcji kinematograficznej. Jego oryginalność (w najlepszym sensie tego słowa) polega głównie na tym, że samym swoim istnieniem narusza kulturowe tabu – jego najbardziej rzucającym się w oczy „tematem” jest bowiem terminalna choroba, umieranie, a także nieodłącznie im towarzyszące długotrwałe cierpienie – fizyczne i psychiczne – prowadzące finalnie do śmierci. To śmierć szpitalna, „zwyczajna”, pozbawiona jakiegokolwiek elementu heroicznego. Film śledzi krok po kroku historię choroby, rejestruje zmienne trajektorie umierania. Portretuje kolejne etapy wyniszczenia organizmu aż po ostatnią granicę – śmierć. Wit to film tanatologiczny, acz niemający nic wspólnego z filmową nekrofilią. Łącząc zaskakująco życie i poezję (John Donne), film Nicholsa otwiera horyzont na to, co nieskończone. Pokazuje życie, śmiertelne życie (a innego nie znamy) jako perspektywę otwartą na nicość i światło. Życie jako wieczne rozdarcie, większe od swojej skończoności.
EN
Mike Nichols’ Wit (2001) is a film that radically does not fit with the contemporary cinematographic production. Its originality (in the best meaning of the word) lies chiefly in its very existence as it violates a cultural taboo – its most conspicuous “theme” is a terminal illness, dying, and inevitably accompanying long-term pain – physical and mental – finally leading to death. It is a “common” hospital death, with no heroics involved. The film follows step-by-step history of the disease, and records variable trajectories of dying. It shows subsequent debilitating stages of the disease until the final frontier – death. Wit is a film on death, but it has nothing in common with a film necrophilia. Nichols combines in a surprising manner life and poetry (of John Donne), and opens up the horizon on to the infinite. He shows life, a mortal life (as we know no other), as a perspective open to nothingness and light. Life is an eternal tear, grater than its limits.
EN
A record of a conversation about the oeuvre of W. G. Sebald held with Małgorzata Łukasiewicz, an expert on Sebald’s works and their translator into Polish.
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