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1

Żydowscy lekarze w państwie zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach w późnym średniowieczu

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Broda M.

Kwartalnik Historii Żydow

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2011

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issue 4(240)

435-443

EN

The Order did not tolerate the presence of Jews in its territory (except for small groups of Jews in Neumark (New March) towns). In exceptional cases the Knights accepted temporary presence of doctors of Jewish origin in Prussia. The medic Meyen, from Poznań, was the first to appear inside the Order’s state. His first presence in Prussia in 1446 should not be associated with his profession, he was merely crossing Prussia en route to Pomerania. However, his subsequent visits were likely connected with the performance of medical practices. Jakub was another Jewish doctor who visited the Teutonic Knights’ state. He stayed in Prussia in 1454 as a diplomat, representing Polish starosta Mikołaj Szarlejcki in secret negotiations with Grand Master Ludwig von Erlichshausen. We should also mention Tham von Hochberg. There is no certainty with regard to his Jewish roots. Little do we know about the time he spent in Prussian lands. It has only been confirmed that he stayed in Toruń, travelled to Gdańsk and also sought the position of court doctor to the Grand Master in Königsberg.

2

Lekarze pochodzący spoza państwa zakonnego w Prusach w otoczeniu wielkich mistrzów krzyżackich w XIV i pierwszej połowie XV wieku

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Broda M.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2011

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vol. 76

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issue 3

7-36

EN

European rulers from the late Middle Ages frequently used the service of medical doctors from outside the borders of their countries. So did the holders of the supreme offices in the Teutonic Order. The preserved source material confirms the presence of physicians from outside Prussia in Grand Masters’ closest circle in Malbork in the 14th and the first half of the 15th centuries. The first foreign doctor appearing in written records, magister Frugerius, is the first physician in the Teutonic State in Prussia whose existence was confirmed by the source material. He is also the first personal medical doctor of the Grand Master in Malbork appearing in the records. He came from the diocese of Parma in Italy. However, the overwhelming majority of foreign doctors from the closest circle of the Teutonic superiors came from the Holy Roman Empire, such as Konrad von Leithen, Johann von Rode, Johann Rogge, Jacob Schillingholtz, and probably Anton Müttel. One of the physicians recorded in the sources, Meyen, came from the Kingdom of Poland. He was of Jewish origin, so his identity in Prussia was different also in terms of ethnic origin and religion. Nevertheless, the preserved sources do not allow us to define the origin of all the physicians appearing in the records from that period. Johann Craft, physician to Paul von Rusdorf, might have come to the Teutonic State in Prussia from Wrocław, but it cannot be explicitly proved that it was his family town. At the beginning of the 15th century there were two doctors attempting to obtain the position of Konrad von Jungingen’s personal physician – a Johann Theodorus from India and an anonymous doctor the Teutonic prosecutor in Rome tried to bring to Malbork from the Council of Constance. It is hard to state where the latter came from. Bormienes, an Armenian physician, was another foreign doctor to Grand Teutonic Masters, but he seems to exist only in historiography as his presence in the Teutonic State in Prussia was not confirmed by the source material from the period.

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Instrukcje lekarskie dla wielkiego marszałka zakonu krzyżackiego z pierwszej połowy XV wieku

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Broda M.

Rocznik Toruński

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2012

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issue 39

125-136

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1 Kwartalnik Historii Żydow

1 Rocznik Toruński

1 Zapiski Historyczne

3 Broda M.

1 2012

2 2011

Żydowscy lekarze w państwie zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach w późnym średniowieczu

Lekarze pochodzący spoza państwa zakonnego w Prusach w otoczeniu wielkich mistrzów krzyżackich w XIV i pierwszej połowie XV wieku

Instrukcje lekarskie dla wielkiego marszałka zakonu krzyżackiego z pierwszej połowy XV wieku