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EN
The empire of the Triple Alliance was formed in 1428 as the alliance of three city-states: Tenochtitlan, Texcoco and Tlacopan. Until Spanish arrival in 1519, it managed to conquer vast areas of Mesoamerica. At that time, Tenochtitlan was the most important member of the alliance. The empire of the Triple Alliance was an example of the hegemonic empire, which implies that the base of its existence was the perception of strength of the hegemonic leader as the one that was able to enforce its own will. Moreover, there were no military garrisons in the conquered provinces. Provinces conquered by the Triple Alliance were divided into tributary and strategic ones. Tributary provinces gave the tribute in the form of goods. The strategic provinces were responsible for the protection of the borders of the Empire against its enemies. Hegemonic character of the empire of the Triple Alliance was an advantage in Mesoamerica’s reality (i.a. lack of draught animals, not-applying the wheel), but it facilitated its conquest by the conquistadors.
PL
 Imperium Trójprzymierza powstało w 1428 r. jako związek trzech miast-państw Tenchotitlan, Texcoco i Tlacopan. Do przybycia Hiszpanów w 1519 r. zdołało podbić rozległe obszary Mezoameryki. Tenochtitlan było wówczas najbardziej znaczącym członkiem sojuszu. Imperium Trójprzymierza było przykładem imperium hegemonicznego, co oznacza, że podstawą jego istnienia była percepcja siły hegemona jako zdolnego do wyegzekwowania swojej woli, przy jednoczesnej rezygnacji z utrzymywania garnizonów w podbitych prowincjach. Prowincje podbite przez Trójprzymierze dzieliły się na trybutarne i strategiczne. Prowincje trybutarne dostarczały trybut w postaci towarów, zadaniem prowincji strategicznych była ochrona granic imperium przed wrogami. Hegemoniczny charakter władztwa Trójprzymierza był zaletą w realiach Mezoameryki (m.in. brak zwierząt pociągowych, niestosowanie koła), jednak ułatwił konkwistadorom jego podbój.
EN
The altepetl (pl. aletpeme) was the basic political entity in Late Post-classic Central Mexico (from the half of 14th century to Spanish Conquest). This is the Nahutal term usually translated as city-state. Like other city-states (for example poleis) altpetl was characterized by small territory, one central town and a ruler called tlatoani. Altepeme was founded by immigrant people from the north of modern Mexico, called Chichimecs. Tlatoani ruled the altepetl as a despot, and decided about both internal and external affairs. In Tenochtitlan, which is the best described altepetl, tlatoque were chosen by the elite electors. Cihuacoatl and the Council of Four formed a type of „central administration” and gave advice to the ruler. Tlaxcallan is an example of a complex altepetl, which was ruled by not a single tlatoani, but a council consist the highest nobility. Another example of complex altepetl is Chalco. However a Chalco was a kind of a complex confederacy.
PL
W artykule nie zamieszczono polskiego abstraktu
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