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EN
The article contains an overview of the most common techniques to obtain information from the Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) in a competitive intelligence broadly defined – encompassing both companies and states. The first part of the text is focused on sketch the evolution of the practice competitive intelligence. The second part of the article contains a systematic analysis of the methodology of obtaining economic information broken down by objective approach (classical media, publicly accessible registers and records, Internet (including Surface and Hidden Web)) and subjective approach (public, commercial and non-profit entities and the personal information sources in a business Intelligence).
EN
The text consists of two parts. The first analyzed the internet search techniques – in a general heuristic sense and detailed i.e. specific techniques belonging to the family of query languages – so called operators (logical operators, localization operators, operators for communication channels in social media, chronometric operators, search operators in the content of the www and search operators for specific types of content). Their main function is to clarify search queries. The second part of the text contains a review and analysis of selected internet exploration tools – search engines (global search engines, search engines focusing on user privacy, metasearch engines and multisearch engines, regional search engines and catalogues, people search engines, search engines of gray literature and internet archives). Preview is not exhaustive or deepened, it serves rather the initial orientation of those interested in the search engine universe.
EN
The article focused research efforts on the analysis of forms of presentation of historical events related to violence on the basis of a case study Polish German occupation during World War II in history handbooks for secondary schools. For this purpose content analysis was used. This method consists of reflections on the collected material as objectified and systematic, quantitative and qualitative to identify and describe the language characteristics of the texts. As an object of analysis was used 37 history textbooks for secondary schools published since the end of World War II, up to the present (5 published during the Polish People’s Republic and 32 issued in the Third Republic).
EN
The analysis of the structure and trends in Polish political participation was conducted in four dimensions, vital to the functioning of the democratic system: conventional political participation, which includes electoral participation and civic engagement, as well as unconventional political participation – both violent and non-violent (protest, boycott, demonstration and happening). The analysis took into account elements which determine the functioning of democracy: the aspect of the consolidation and legitimisation of the political system, as well as the historical dimension.
EN
The analysis of the structure and trends in Polish political participation was conducted in four dimensions, vital to the functioning of the democratic system: conventional political participation, which includes electoral participation and civic engagement, as well as unconventional political participation – both violent and non-violent (protest, boycott, demonstration and happening). The analysis took into account elements which determine the functioning of democracy: the aspect of the consolidation and legitimisation of the political system, as well as the historical dimension.
EN
Political systems need constant, permanent confirmation of its’ legality; the most important way to ensure continuity of this process in contemporary democracies is citizens political participation. Taking part in political life may evince in many ways and serves both in order to expressing support (which increases system legitimacy) and to raise an objections, demonstrate disapproval or even to revolt against the system as a whole or its’ part (which decreases or even abolish system legitimacy). This paper contains considerations over dependencies among political participation and political system legitimization focusing on emerging democracies in transformation. Analysis concerns such forms of political participation as: interest in politics, voting, engaging in social and political group activities, belonging to social and political organizations and taking part in politics by violent behavior. Attention was also given to empirical data from Polish General Social Survey and European Social Survey and concentrated on the process of legitimization of Polish political system by various forms of citizens political participation. Paper also introduces typology of attitudes to political system and its influence on political system legitimization. Attitudes of support, indifference, alienation and resistance were distinguished. Also the fifth type of attitudes was identified that seems to be the most important, useful and desired in consolidating democracies that was called – critical support.
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EN
Internet voting prospects of development and its’ influence on representative democracy is the aim of analysis in hereby paper. In preface main terms and concepts of electronic voting used in the literature is ordered and defined. The first part of the article consists of Internet voting experiments review by country and evaluation of its effects. Analysis of arguments and expectations of remote Internet voting zealots is the main theme of the second part of the article. Subsequently the most important barriers for development of this way of voting is discussed on technical, social and political areas. Article ends with considerations about future of democracy in remote Internet voting context. Following types of possible longterm scenarios are marked out: representative electronic democracy (representative e-democracy), direct electronic democracy (direct e-democracy), electronic plebiscitary democracy (plebiscitary e-democracy), electronic apathy (e-apathy) and electronic totalitarianism (e-totalitarianism).
EN
This paper contains considerations over polish Usenet political culture in the 2010 presidential campaign. Discussion group pl.soc.polityka became the object of analysis. The first part of paper focuses on the scope and forms of influence exerted by technical environment of Usenet groups on functioning of society – dynamics, quantity and quality of social interactions. In the next part attention was given to the most important dimension of Internet political culture – language. Reconstruction of the lingual aspects of perception of reality and study of norms and values prevailing in discussion group was carried out in this part. Selected aspects of sociolect (social dialect) were also analyzed. The last part of the article focuses on content-related dimension of discussion in pl.soc.polityka discussion group. Carried out analysis encompasses both quantitative and qualitative aspects in accordance with established standard of Internet inquiery. The article ends with considerations about role of Usenet discussion groups in democratic discourse.
EN
This paper presents the results of quantitative empirical research carried out by computer assisted web interviews - CAWI. The attitudes of Polish Internet users to the potential use of the Internet in politics were taken into consideration. This is a study of the political culture of Internet users in the narrow, prospective scope- anticipated directions of the potential applications of the Internet in politics, especially in: election campaigns, political communication, voting and referendums are analyzed.
Przegląd Socjologiczny
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2013
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vol. 62
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issue 1
209 - 224
PL
Niniejszy artykuł zawiera próbę porównania i ewaluacji dwóch klasycznych i internetowych technik badań opinii: ankiet internetowych oraz internetowych grupowych wywiadów zogniskowanych. Przeprowadzona analiza uwzględnia następujące wymiary: metodologiczny (odnoszący się do mniej lub bardziej ugruntowanych standardów wykonywania badań), techniczno- -organizacyjny (informatyczny i praktyczny) oraz etyczny (ogniskujący się na dyspozycjach formułowanych w branżowych kodeksach etycznych badaczy lub innych uregulowaniach normatywnych). Zadaniem tekstu jest porządkowanie dorobku teoretycznego i praktycznego badań opinii w Internecie oraz – w efekcie – wskazanie obszarów wymagających dalszych refleksji i prac. Analizy ujawniły znaczną asymetrię w wymiarze metodologicznym pomiędzy klasycznymi i internetowymi technikami badań opinii na niekorzyść tych ostatnich oraz asymetrię w wymiarze techniczno-organizacyjnym na niekorzyść technik klasycznych.
EN
Hereby article presents an attempt to compare and evaluate two techniques of online surveys: computer assisted web interviews and online focus group interviews. These techniques were compare with equivalent classic surveys: paper and pencil interviews (PAPI) and focus group interviews (FGI). An analysis includes three following dimensions: methodological dimension (referring to grounded standards of social research), technical-organizational dimension (focusing on software and hardware matters) and ethical dimension (encompasses dispositions formulated in professional codes of researcher ethics). The text is aimed to organize theoretical and practical achievements of Internet opinion research and – in effect – to identify areas that require further reflection and work. Analyzes revealed a significant asymmetry in size between the classical methodology and techniques online surveys to the detriment of the latter, and the asymmetry of the technical and organizational dimension to the detriment of classical techniques.
RU
Анализ структуры и тенденций польского политического участия осуществлен в четырех измерениях, имеющих ключевое значение для функционирования демократической системы: традиционного политического участия, состоящего из участия на выборах и гражданского участия, а также нетрадиционного участия в политической и общественной жизни – без применения силы (протесты, бойкоты, манифестации, хэппенинги) и с ее применением. В исследовании учтены основополагающие факторы существования демократии - аспект консолидации и легитимности политической системы, а также историческая перспектива.
EN
The analysis of the structure and trends in Polish political participation was conducted in four dimensions, vital to the functioning of the democratic system: conventional political participation, which includes electoral participation and civic engagement, as well as unconventional political participation – both violent and non-violent (protest, boycott, demonstration and happening). The analysis took into account elements which determine the functioning of democracy: the aspect of the consolidation and legitimisation of the political system, as well as the historical dimension.
EN
The article focuses on the terminological issues bound with the concept of cyberterrorism. The discussion uses own author’s method of analysis comprising: etymological analysis (extraction of the dictionary meaning of the concept), inductive analysis (identifying the general characteristics of the concept on the basis of a  representative group of its definitions), and contextual analysis (comparing co-occurring terms). Summary contains the regulatory definition of cyberterrorism that eliminates ambiguities existing in the literature.
PL
Artykuł skupia się na zagadnieniach terminologicznych związanych z  pojęciem cyberterroryzmu. W  rozważaniach wykorzystano autorską metodę analizy obejmującą analizę etymologiczną (wydobycie słownikowego sensu pojęcia), indukcyjną (identyfikującą ogół cech charakteryzujących dany termin na podstawie reprezentatywnej grupy jego definicji) i  kontekstową (służącą ustaleniu stosunku rozpatrywanego pojęcia do współwystępujących pojęć). Podsumowanie rozważań stanowi regulująca definicja pojęcia cyberterroryzmu eliminująca zastane nieostrości.
EN
This paper concentrates on the analysis of methodological problems of studies conducted using the Internet, in particular on the issue of whether it is reasonable to apply classical research techniques. These considerations start with the reflection on the ontological parameters of the Internet: its physical, socio-psychological and information properties. Next, the paper analyzes four groups of research techniques: surveys of opinion, studies of behaviors, studies of cultural creations, and studies of the structure of the Internet. The subject of analyses involves the range and content of modifications required in order to apply individual research techniques in the Internet.
EN
Analysis of Internet violence phenomenon in quantitative grasp of a problem is the main aim of this paper. Analysis is based on data gathered in Computer Assisted Web Interviews (CAWI) research entitled Polish Political Culture in the Internet carried out on Internet users. Proper measurement of Internet violence needed special tool aggregating diverse data – an index. Index construction is described in the first part of the paper and is the indispensable condition to measure two important dimensions of Internet violence phenomenon: axionormative and behavioral. Axionormative dimension measures intensity of Internet violence acceptance among Internet users and inclination to undertaking actions bound with violence. Introducing this dimension served to verify of hypothesis on positive correlation between intensity of Internet using and violent Internet activity acceptation and disposition among Internet users. Behavioral dimension acts as measure of performing and experiencing violence by individual Internet users. Behavioral dimension allows to introduce typology of Internet users distinguished on the ground of violence attitudes. Following types of Internet users is marked out: gladiators (performing and experiencing of violence), terrorists (only using violence but not suffer from it), spectators (both not perform and not experience of violence) and victims (only suffer from it). Analysis pointed out that the main characteristics of Internet political culture is wide acceptance and willingness to undertaking verbal violence of low intensity. Simultaneously Internet users condemned violence of higher intensity. Essential to sketch Internet political culture is its symmetrical character – the same persons use verbal violence and equally experience it in consequence. The problem whether the style of behavior in Internet discourse is eufunctional or dysfunctional for democracy remains unsloved.
EN
The paper presents key dimensions of the consolidation of democracy, in which trouble spots of Polish democracy appeared. These dimensions are: correct and coherent legislative solutions, efficiency and stability of state institutions, effective mechanisms and channels of representation together with implementation of main social groups’ demands, functioning of party system according to democratic principles, effective mechanisms resolving political and social conflicts, effective and adequate reactions of state institutions to emergency situations, strong and active civil society, integrated and democratic political culture of elite and mass society.
EN
The article analyzes the ways and extent of use of the Internet to communicate with voters by the Polish political elites. The evaluation was done from the perspective of the thesis of so called permanent campaign phenomenon. An important part of the evaluation was also comparison of the Polish experience and abroad campaigns (the USA). The model of analysis was enriched by an original classification and the review of political channels of communication on the Internet. In this context, the idea of communication revolution in Polish political campaigns was strongly criticized. The article compares also the traditional media (television, radio and press) with a new medium – the Internet in terms of their credibility, attractiveness and effectiveness in public awareness. The analysis identified a number of problems related to the political communication of Polish elites on the Internet. These are: lack of competence in following the technological bandwagon, insufficient abilities in the Internet cultural code, abandonment of Internet communication projects, and publishing derivative and superficial political information.
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EN
In this article the process and consequences of the struggle for influences on the Internet that takes place between citizens (individuals, NGO's, social movements) and government institutions were analyzed. In the first part of the text, the degree to which basic democratic values such as freedom of speech are subject to Internet restrictions was investigated. The second part of the reading constitutes as analysis of the methods which are used to resist Internet limits on freedom of speech. It can be concluded from the analysis conducted that the rivalry between these two types of subjects is of a dynamic character. Governments usually take action whereas citizens react solely to the introduced restrictions. Both sides udertake action of a technical character which is based on implementing the solutions enabling filtering and blocking the content or allowing safe browsing and use of information which because of censorship has become unavailable.
EN
The article focuses on analysis and evaluation of the manifestations of the internet political culture of the Polish Peasant Party in three dimensions: 1) content dimension, 2) socio-communicational dimension and 3) technical dimension. The first of these dimensions analyzes the content and form of the PSL election programme, and rates its availability on the Internet. With regard to the sociocommunicational dimension which is a key variable of the Internet electoral marketing following issues were examined: the types and nature of the arguments used by the PSL in the Internet discourse, the attitudes of PSL to the electorate and to other participants in the electoral game, the coherence of forms in which these messages are manifested. Technical dimension, in turn, relates to the accuracy of information and compliance of Web standards of PSL political culture: the ability and the adequacy of cultural codes adopted by surfers. The article ends with the synthesis encompassing evaluation of all the dimensions of political culture of PSL on the Internet.
EN
In this article original topography research model of Polish political parties’ websites was constructed and applied. The study was conducted using the tools characteristic for the network analysis: methods of identifying thematically and logically connected collections of web pages, quantitative methods, and methods of descriptive statistics. Systematically examined were the following areas: 1) external topography of Polish political parties’ websites (the number of links, the configuration and type of links) 2) internal topography of Polish political parties’ domains (number, type, centrality and density of connections) 3) dynamics of content changes (internal and external links). The study was carried out with the use of dedicated program (so called web spider) to ensure systematic and standardized data collection – INPSpider.
PL
Wytwarzanie i proliferacja informacji w Internecie zyskała kluczowe znaczenie we współczesnej polityce lokalnej, narodowej, regionalnej i globalnej. Jednocześnie obserwuje się intensyfikację negatywnych zjawisk w tym obszarze – pojęcia takie jak fake news, astroturfing, sockpuppet, troll stały się trwale obecne we współczesnym globalnym krajobrazie politycznym, dyskurs zaś w tej sferze coraz częściej można interpretować w kategoriach walk, a nawet wojen informacyjnych. Koszty fabrykowania fałszywych przekazów są znikome, a rozpowszechnianie informacji łatwe i tanie, co generuje pokusę dla rozmaitych podmiotów pragnących oddziaływać na procesy polityczne. Szczególne znaczenie ma to w reżimach, gdzie opinia publiczna stanowi podmiot gry politycznej władny oddziaływać na decyzje polityczne. Ziszcza się Tofflerowska wizja zmiany władzy – do klasycznej diady czynników konstytuujących władzę polityczną, to jest siły militarnej i ekonomicznej, dołącza trzeci – informacja.
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