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EN
The paper discusses the nature and implications of asymmetry of information in natural monopoly regulation from the theoretical perspective. To reflect the complexity of the subject two main strands of the discussion are presented. The first one that dominates within the theoretical approach is founded on defining two dimensions of the asymmetry which is a situation when the regulator is much less informed on costs than the regulated firm managers. The dimensions are described in the regulatory literature as 'regulation with unknown costs' and 'regulation with unobservable effect'. Both have very serious regulatory implications known as adverse selection and moral hazard which in turn reflect the key regulatory problem i.e. the conflict between allocative and productive efficiency. Existence of trade-offs between different aspects of efficiency means that the optimal regulatory mechanism ( but only in a second best sense) lies between two polar regulatory mechanisms - the traditional cost of service regulation and fixed price, or price cup, regulation. The second strand of discussion is based on Austrian school of economics and it sees the asymmetry of information as only one side of the regulator's imperfect information problem. The other side refers to the inherent indeterminacy of the economic processes that unable regulator and the managers to predict costs accurately. Giving priority to long term interests of consumers, price cup regulation should be taken by regulators as a key option.
PL
Tytułowy paradoks regulacyjny odnosi się do towarzyszącego liberalizacji sektorów sieciowych zjawiska instytucjonalizacji regulacji, tj. powstawania wyspecjalizowanych organów sektorowej regulacji. Podważa ono bowiem nie tylko tradycyjną dla ekonomii konwencję przeciwstawiania rynku administracyjnej regulacji, ale także zaskakuje, jeśli uwzględnić, że głęboka krytyka tego rozwiązania regulacyjnego w USA stanowiła podstawową przesłankę do rozpoczęcia procesów liberalizacji regulowanych sektorów. W artykule dokonano przeglądu najważniejszych kierunków krytyki regulacji zinstytucjonalizowanej oraz omówiono doświadczenia związane z uruchamianiem w sektorach sieciowych mechanizmów konkurencji oraz nowoczesnej regulacji, posiadającej zdolność kreowania silnych bodźców stymulujących proefektywne zachowania regulowanych przedsiębiorstw. Doświadczenia te wskazują, dlaczego zinstytucjonalizowaną regulację traktuje się obecnie jako warunek powodzenia rynkowej transformacji sektorów sieciowych.
EN
Following the liberalisation of network industries, rapid development of regulatory bodies may be treated as a paradox if we take into account the fact that deep criticism of this form of regulation in US paved the way for market-oriented reforms in these industries. The author reviews the main lines of theoretical and empirical arguments against US institutionalised regulation, and then shows the key role of regulation in the liberalisation of these kinds of industries. The attention is focused on pro-competition and incentive regulation, as it explains why establishment of regulatory bodies is thought to be a necessary condition for their successful liberalisation.
PL
W artykule poddano krytyce przyjęty w projekcie polskiej polityki energetycznej kierunek rozwoju sektora elektroenergetycznego. Zakłada on nie tylko utrzymanie jeszcze przez długi okres zależności od energetyki na węglu kamiennym i brunatnym, ale także rozwój wielkoskalowej energetyki jądrowej. Punktem wyjścia jest stwierdzenie, że twórcy polityki w niedostatecznym stopniu uwzględniają wyzwania i wynikające z nich zagrożenia dla tych obu rodzajów energetyki, jakie rodzi nabierająca w ostatnich latach coraz szybszego tempa transformacja technologiczna implikująca szybki rozwój energetyki odnawialnej. Celem artykułu jest uzasadnienie tezy, że po pierwsze, największym zagrożeniem dla energetyki węglowej i jądrowej jest pojawienie się tzw. spirali śmierci, która nada tego rodzaju aktywom status aktywów osieroconych oraz po drugie, w warunkach rosnącego udziału źródeł OZE w krajowym mixie energetycznym należałoby postawić na rozwój gazowych źródeł wytwarzania energii elektrycznej traktując ją jako zdecydowanie lepszą alternatywę dla zapewnienia stabilności dostaw energii elektrycznej w okresie dochodzenia do energetyki opartej na źródłach odnawialnych. Uzasadnienie sformułowanej tu tezy oparte zostało na analizie aktualnego stanu wiedzy w zakresie stanu zaawansowania i kierunków technologicznej transformacji sektora elektroenergetycznego, w tym zwłaszcza energetyki solarnej i wiatrowej, technologii magazynowania energii elektrycznej oraz technologii inteligentnych sieci i liczników. W dalszej części poddano analizie problem spirali śmierci jako egzystencjalnego zagrożenia dla ekonomiki energetyki węglowej i jądrowej i na tym tle przedstawiono zalety energetyki gazowej.
EN
The article criticises the direction in which the Polish electrical power sector is to develop, as stated in the draft energy policy. Such a draft policy assumes not only that overwhelming dependence on hard and brown coal for electricity generation should be maintained in the long term, but also that large-scale nuclear power plants should be developed. The starting point of the article is a statement that the authors of this policy do not sufficiently take into account the challenges of, and related threats to, both types of energy generation resulting from progress in technology transformation involving the rapid development of renewable energy. The purpose of the article is to present arguments confirming the following twofold thesis. Firstly, the greatest threat to coal and nuclear power plants is the so-called death spiral, which results in those assets gaining a stranded status. Secondly, against the backdrop of the growing share of renewable energy sources in the national energy mix, there is a need to focus on the development of gas sources for electricity production. The justification of this thesis is based on an analysis of the current levels of knowledge about the progress and direction of the power sector technological transformation, especially in solar and wind electricity generation, electricity storage as well as smart grids and meters. The problem of spiral death as an existential threat for the economics of coal and nuclear power is then analysed, and against this background the advantages of gas source development are presented.
EN
Utilization of price parity as an effective tool of rationalization of spatial ties calls for a number of conditions, determining both action of its stimulating properties and direcction of this stimulation, to be fulfilled in practice. These conditions refer both to general assumptions of mechanism of the national economy functioning and to mechanism regulating the sphere of making spatial decisions. In this article the attention has been focussed only on some problems connected with the later group of conditions of effective operation of locO-franco prices. The problems discussed here confirm a complex character of tasks to be solved by economic theory and practice in the field of creation of indispensable prerequisites paving the way for utilization of price parity as an instrument of rationalization of spatial ties.
EN
Tha article contains presentation of the findings of studies on relations of prices on three main dimensions. The first of them is the analysis of relations between official prices at which agricultural products are purchased from fanners and their free-market prices. The goal’ of the analysis here is to answer the question whether there occur clear, noticeable changes in relations of prices in this sphere, and if so then how these changes should be interpreted. The next research area is the analysis of relations between purchasing prices of agricultural products and corresponding retail prices of selected foodstuffs. The main reference point for the analysis here is the guiding thesis of price reforms realized since the early eighties, which propagates a slogan of economizing the pricing system through decreasing and ultimately liquidating subsidies to prices of foodstuffs. Finally, the third dimension encompasses the analysis of retail prices in the network of socialized trade and free-market prices to be found in open-market trade. The fact that free-market prices reflect the real conditions of production and realization of food products allows to treat them as a peculiar criterion in evaluation of the quality of official regulations with regard to retail prices.
EN
The article is an attempt at evaluation of the social perception of principles according to which services are distributed. Its main aim was to obtain an answer to the question whether the solutions in the field of pricing policy (costs covered by individuals) applied in practice fid social acceptance and what postulates were put forward to improve it . The article is based on questionnaire surveys concerning mechanisms adopted in distribution of goods and services in four main spheres of social consumption i.e. health care, recreation, child care and education, and culture. The main research problems included collecting information about the social opinion on: scope of individual contributions in distribution of services, postulated level of such contributions for different goods and services, and the problem of uniform or differentiated contributions. The empirical materials allowed to formulate more general socially accepted solutions in the sphere of distribution of such goods and services.
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