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1

Grób z wagą szalkową z wczesnośredniowiecznego cmentarzyska w Bodzi pod Włocławkiem

100%
Kara M.
Archeologia Polski
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2013
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vol. 58
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issue 1-2
143-162
EN
The author presents the results of a study of a grave (presumed cenotaph) from the early 11th c., discovered in the early medieval cemetery in Bodzia in the eastern Kuyavia region of Poland. The grave, which is unique not only from the perspective of the cemetery in question, contained among others an incomplete, disassembled folding balance for weighing precious metals. The elements of this balance were deposited in two separate clusters inside a box coffin. A comparative analysis of the object has placed it within the sphere of funerary practices of a secular elite inhabiting the Baltic zone in the 10th–11th c., particularly the Scandinavians, Rus’ and Finno-Ugric peoples and Prussians. Folding balance from burial contexts, found in a similarly incomplete and disassembled state as in Bodzia, are known from Finland, from cemeteries dated to the 11th c.
2
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Archaeology, mainly polish, in the current discussion on the ethnogenesis of the Slavs

100%
Kara M.
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
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2022
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issue 63
65-128
EN
This paper is an attempt at outlining the current state of discussion about the ethnogenesis of the Slavs, mainly within the framework of Polish scientific research, with particular consideration of archaeological theories, both in terms of their differences as well as any similarities. The discussion covers the allochthonic theory (which is predominant in the science), autochthonic theory, as well as the concept defined by an American archaeologist, Florin Curta, which falls outside these two main discourses.The rationale proposed within this paper could support the resumption of a harmonious discussion among the archaeologists on the problem of the ethnogenesis of the Slavs.
3

Tron książęcy "ad Sanctam Mariam" w Poznaniu w świetle ponownych dociekań analitycznych

100%
Kara M.
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
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2006
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vol. 47
99-160
EN
The document of Premysl I - the duke of Poznan, dated from 1247, provides information that in the mid-13th century in the fortified settlement of Poznan, next to the church of the Holiest Virgin Mary, there was a throne, on which the ruler sat while ceremoniously passing a legal act. The event took place on the isle of Ostrów Tumski in Poznan, in the western part of the Piast stronghold where there stood a church dedicated to the Holiest Virgin Mary - a successor of an early-Piast palace chapel, most likely founded in the 60s/70s of the 10th century by Duchess Dabrówka (Dubrava), the first Christian wife of Duke Mieszko I. Most probably, it was a massive, nonportable stone throne located in open air, in a visible place, on the hillock occupied, among others, by the church of Virgin Mary, most likely near the south wall of the temple. In this context, attention is attracted by a stone threshold of the north portal of the Gothic church of the Holiest Virgin Mary on Ostrów Tumski in Poznan - a massive granite block, which had been inbuilt there again, with visibly shaped seat on the inner surface, resembling, as far as its form is concerned, its primitive finishing and dimensions, the throne stones from Scandinavia and the British Isles. It shares close similarity with a granite block currently situated inside the early-Piast palace chapel of the stronghold on Ostrów Lednicki, which Jan Lesny interpreted in a convincing manner as an element of a stone throne from the times of the first Piasts. Furthermore, a legend is connected with Lednica about a gold regal throne on the stronghold's isle, which became flooded, along with other treasures, in the waters of the local lake. The original paper published with the German summary
4
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Einer hölzerner „Streitkolben” vom frühmittelalterlichen Gräberfeld von Bodzia bei Włocławek. Waffe oder Herrschaftssymbol?

100%
Kara M.
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
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2016
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issue 57
153-168
PL
The article presents the results of an analysis of a grave from the late 10th century or the early 11th century, discovered in an early medieval cemetery in Bodzia in the eastern Kujawy region. The grave: unique not only by the cemetery’s standards, included, among other things, an oak club fitted in two bronze sheets. Comparative materials allow for interpreting it as the so-called insignia club (a kind of mace). It was an attribute of power used in medieval Europe at least since the 11th century by members of the highest secular and clerical elites, e.g. during armed expeditions. The preserved funeral inventory of the grave where the “club” was found indicates that a layman was buried there. Comparative materials used in the Bodzia find, also with respect to the function, is provided by the Bayeux Tapestry (northern France) woven in the 2nd half of the 11th century and presenting the battle of Hastings in1066.
5
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Ze studiów nad elitarną kulturą ludności grodów tzw. centralnych państwa pierwszych Piastów, czyli ponownie o wczesnośredniowiecznym grzebieniu ze Stroszek pod Gieczem. Ujęcie porównawcze

100%
Kara M.
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
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2019
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issue 60
107-191
EN
The article presents results of a repeated analysis of an ornamental comb made from an antler, discovered in an early-medieval open settlement in Stroszki (site 1, Nekla county, Wielkopolska province) from the late 9th century or the beginning of the second half of the 10th century. The settlement was a part of the backup facilities of the stronghold in Giecz, one of several the so-called central settlements in the Piasts’ oldest state. The comb stands out for its ornaments in the form of a large fish in a net immersed in water, made by engraving the side lining which serves as the comb’s grip. It has been established that it is an exclusive piece of work of Scandinavian craftsmanship, a single specimen or one from a short series that comes from the 9th/10th centuries or the first half of the 10th century. It represents type IB-VIII-1a according to E. Cnotliwy (1973), identical with type B1:2 according to K. Ambrosiani (1981). The ornaments bear a close resemblance to the ornaments on what is considered Frisian combs from the 9th century or, possibly, the early 10th c. An iconographic analysis of the comb has led to a hypothesis that the hygienic activities that it was used for (combing dirt and insects from hair) had a concealed symbolic sense. In this case, the comb together with similar specimens ornamented by slanting checks or filled diamonds reminiscent of a fishnet, performed the function of an anti-demon instrument. The analysed comb has been attributed to the culture of the oldest state of the Piasts where it ended up most probably as a part of ceremonial exchange between the local elites and the elites of the Baltic communities, including Scandinavian ones. It is regarded that the object’s diffusion was facilitated by mental concurrence, combining the then peoples of “barbarian” Europe.
6
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Multidyscyplinarna konferencja naukowa w Poznaniu „Od archeologii Józefa Kostrzewskiego do współczesnych nauk o przeszłości społecznej”. Przegląd poruszonej problematyki.

100%
Kara M.
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
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2017
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issue 58
179-188
7

The conquest involving Viking war-bands in the process of the Piast State formation

100%
Kara M.
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
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2014
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issue 55
125-143
PL
A concept repudiating endogenous origins of the Piast state has presently enjoyed considerable popularity in Polish historiography and archaeology. The scholars who support this hypothesis propound that the Piast state was formed in an act of conquest by a foreign military elite. Ideas akin to this supposition, based on the so called social conflict theory, were for the first time formulated in social and historical sciences in the second half of the nineteenth and in the early twentieth century. This paper seeks to examine this thesis and collate it with the postulate that the social contract (finalised with a ritual pact) was the fundamental cause of the origin of the primary Piast domain.
8
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Groby o domniemanych skandynawskich atrybucjach etno-kulturowych z obszaru państwa pierwszych Piastów w kontekście archeologicznych paradygmatów badawczych

100%
Kara M.
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
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2023
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issue 64
133-167
EN
In spite of the differences in the interpretation of early medieval graves of the discussed Norman or Ruthenian attribution, derivatives of different theoretical and cognitive paradigms, successive generations of researchers are united in their conviction of the exceptional nature of these graves in the Oder-Vistula interfluve. Archaeologists are also unanimous in treating them as burials from the 2nd half of the 10th to the 1st half of the 11th century which present a set of specific burial practices, distinguishingone of the groups of the secular elite of the first Piast state. However, researchers have different views on ethno-cultural valorisation of the discovered objects. In this case, the author maintains his earlier opinion that the burial practices of the individuals buried there are ‘rooted’ in the Scandinavian model of funerary culture of the Viking period. However, in the research process, it cannot be a sufficient premise for prejudging the ethnos. In order to give credibility to the conclusions, in line with the modern model of integrated multidisciplinary research, the hypotheses formulated by archaeology require verification by the results of molecular and isotopic studies of human bones. Limiting the ethnic study of archaeology’s necropolis sources to the indications of bio- and geochemistry is cognitively inadequate, as aDNA analyses only establish biological affinities. Isotopic studies determine the relationship of a deceased person to a specific geographical region, in both cases providing no insight into important aspects of early medieval human life like the mentality-determining membership of a socially and politically organised religious and mythic-ethnic-cultural community.
9

Jubileusz osiemdziesięciolecia urodzin Profesor Zofii Kurnatowskiej

63%
Kara M., Michałowski A.
Wielkopolskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
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2012
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vol. 13
7-9
10
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Wczesnośredniowieczne grodzisko wklęsłe w Bninie koło Poznania w świetle dotychczasowych ustaleń dendrochronologicznych

63%
Kara M., Przybył M.
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
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2003
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vol. 10
255-268
EN
The article presents results of dendrochronological investigations of wooden constructions of the rampart of early medieval stronghold in Bnin (current location Kómik-Bnin), of which a well preserved stone-wooden-earthen fortifications are among the best recognized in Wielkopolska. The site was excavated in the years 1961-1969. The relicts of two phases of the rampart construction discovered in so-called northern trench were dated to the end of the 12,h - beginning of the 13lh century. Based on results of dendrochronological dates of 25 samples taken in 1994, a discovered part of the rampart was constructed in two phases with a break in the year 939. The older construction was finished in 938, while the younger one in 940.
11

Wybrane znaleziska ceramiki o cechach warsztatowych ze starszych faz wczesnego średniowiecza z południowo-zachodniej Wielkopolski i południowo-wschodniej części ziemi Lubuskiej w świetle badań specjalistycznych

63%
Gruszka B., Kara M.
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
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2013
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issue 54
241-265
PL
The latest specialist excavations of utensil ceramics from the early Middle Ages in south-west Wielkopolska and the south-east part of Ziemia Lubuska have revealed features characteristic of craft ceramics. The features include selecting the mineral leaning admixture with respect to the fraction and type, the application of slipware, as well as a potter’s wheel. The research has been based on the results of petrographic analyses of selected utensils from the sites in Bonikowo (Wielkopolska region) as well as Połupin and Stożne (Lubuskie region). The artefacts have been dated on the basis of a thermoluminescent analysis of pieces of receptacles (Stożne) and the results of radiocarbon dating (Bonikowo, Połupin, Stożne). As for the occurrence of craft ceramics, the former stages of the Early Middle Ages (approximately 6/7th-9th centuries) are strongly contrasted with the subsequent Medieval times (10th – mid-13th centuries) when this type of utensil was non-existent.
12

Konferencja naukowa „Gród piastowski w Gieczu – geneza, funkcja, kontekst”

51%
Wyrwa A. M., Kara M., Krysztofiak T.
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
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2013
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issue 54
343-346
13
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Profesora Władysława Łosińskiego wkład w polską archeologię wczesnego średniowiecza, czyli przyczynek do szkicu o pokoleniu archeologów okresu badań „Milenijnych”

51%
Kara M., Michałowski A., Rębkowski M.
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
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2018
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issue 59
9-19
PL
Profesora Władysława Łosińskiego wkład w polską archeologię wczesnego średniowiecza, czyli przyczynek do szkicu o pokoleniu archeologów okresu badań „Milenijnych”
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