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Rola międzynarodowej współpracy naukowo-technicznej w warunkach współczesnych

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Bijak-Kaszuba M., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. H. Z.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1985
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vol. 47
EN
The article describes prerequisites of development and forms of the internationals scientific - technical cooperation. Against this background, there is discussed the present significance of this cooperation from the viewpoint of those countries which participate in it. The disproportion between growth of needs in the field of scientific - technical progress and growth of outlays for the is purpose grew wider in the seventies. As a result, the importance of rationalization function of this cooperation was enhanced. This cooperation provides a chance for overcoming the negative consequences of the above mentioned disproportion, and especially as regards countries with a small or average economic potential.
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Kraje rozwijające się, ich charakterystyka i udział w handlu światowym

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Dzikowska-Zawirska J., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. H. Z.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1985
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vol. 47
EN
The article deals with analysis of different problems of the developing countries . In its first part, the authoress tries to present a definition of this group of countries, while in the second part of the article there are presented numerical data concerning the share of the developing countries in the world economy and trade . The analyses is of the above data allows to determine the direction of changes occurring in the developing countries as well as the nature of these changes. The basis for division of this group of- countries is considered to be a significant problem by the authoress . She adopted a division of these countries into those exporting or importing oil.
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Dokumentacyjne źródła Informacji w badaniach marketingu międzynarodowego

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Kudła M., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. H. Z.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1985
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vol. 47
EN
The process of solving problems in a foreign trade enterprise consists in undertaking appropriated decisions . Information is a "raw material “ which becomes processed in this process, The in formation is derived from specific data evaluated by the human mind. The source of data abroad may be both intermediate outlets and specialized agencies dealing with marketing research ( e . g . Nielsen ) while in Poland these are market research centers or marketing departments in foreign trade enterprises . The author has made an attempt at classification of the main sources of data, which may be utilized by decision makers in foreign trade enterprises in solving problems connected with foreign markets. There are also discussed the main obstacles and barriers encountered while collecting data in the course of studies on the international marketing.
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Długookresowe tendencje w światowym spożyciu tekstyliów

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Miciński A., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. H. Z.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1985
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vol. 47
EN
The article analyzes the most general trends , which can be observed in the world consumption of textiles over longer periods of time. On the basic of changes in indices being of primary importance to r the analyzed areas i. e . total consumption of textile fibres and per 1 inhabitant , the author has performed a comparative analysis of consumption of textiles in major world regions and presented long-term projections concerning this area . The article contains more general considerations as well with regard to factors affecting the volume of consumption of textiles in a given country or region , and describes changes in the share of particular textile fibres in satisfaction of demand in the area under study.
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Rola i miejsce nowo uprzemysłowionych krajów rozwijających się w gospodarce światowej

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Nacewski J., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. H. Z.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1985
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vol. 47
EN
It was very easy to distinguish among the developing countries in the seventies a group of countries characterized with a high dynamics of industrial production growth and even higher dynamics of export growth. This group of countries known as newly-industrialized countries includes : Argentina, Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Singapore, Taiwan and some other counties. The article is an attempt at evaluation of this phenomenon, its causes and prospects of its further development against the background of the economic situation in the world. The author points at dangers facing the Polish export, especially of the light ind ustry products, caused by growing competitiveness of exports from the above mentioned group of countries.
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Niektóre aspekty intensywnej polityki kredytowej krajów socjalistycznych na tle współpracy naukowo - technicznej Wschód-Zachód

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Niewinowski M., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. H. Z.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1985
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vol. 47
EN
The article attempts to analyzing relationships between the passive credit policy adopted by the socialist countries and import of technology from the West. It is focused on two main areas. The first of them connected with import of technology end problems accompanying it , while the other one concerns the credit policy and its impact on foreign trade and economic growth. The author presents an opinion that the role of scientific and technical progress in economic growth will be growing more than proportionally in relation to the overall rate of growth. It is stated next that at the present time a desire of any country to dynamize and modernize its economy and to attain an enhanced and leading level of technical know-how is linked inseparably with its participation in widely understood international scientific and technical cooperation, and especially in exchange of technologic a l and scientific achievements. On the other hand, a country’s increasingly wider participation in the international division of labour in the sphere of research and development promotes creation and consolidation of its own scientific and technical potential, and enhancement.
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Rachunek kalkulacyjny jako element systemu kierowania handlem zagranicznym

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Świerkocki J., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. H. Z.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1985
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vol. 47
EN
Many interpretations of the economic calculus can be found in the economic theory and practice. As an instrument of optimal allocation of resources, the calculus was utilized on a wider scale in Poland in the second half of the sixties. In Western countries, this type of economic calculus is known as "cost- benefit analysis " and is used in as se s sing profitability of some investments from the general social view point . Their experience may prove to be useful in the centrally planned economy both on the national scale and in implementation of the CMEA integration programme.
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Charakterystyka rozliczeniowej i kredytowej działalności Międzynarodowego Banku Współpracy Gospodarczej

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Włodarczyk-Guzek W., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. H. Z.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1985
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vol. 47
EN
The article is an attempt at a comprehensive presentation of the financial activity of the International Bank of Economic Cooperation in its historical and statistical approach. Accordingly, the author discusses its alms ensuing from the Banks statutes, its organization, structure of financial resources at the disposal of this organization, which provides a background for analysis of the evolution in the international settlements and credits operations of the Bank. The author has reached a conclusion that the previous experience in application of the international system of settlements and credits executed in the common currency of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance testifies to the fact that the Bank has managed to attain many of its objectives as formulated in its statutes. However, improvement of the Bank’s operations in the area of settlement in the transferable rouble should be treated as a continuous process, and the Bank systematically adopt new solutions aiming at gradual shift towards multilateral settlements.
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Polityka substytucji importu a wielkie korporacje ponadnarodowe

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Stalmaszczyk M., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. H. Z.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1985
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vol. 47
EN
The article analyzes the anti-import strategy of economic development. The example of Latin America's countries allows the author to analyze genesis and characteristics of the import-substitution policy. This policy is divided in to four stages according to the goal and sources of financing. The performed analysis allows to determine causes and consequences of limited effectiveness of the import-substitution policy. The further part of the article is devoted to analysis of possibilities of utilizing the economic and organizational potential possessed by big supranational corporations in such a direction that the import-substitution policy could become an important instrument employed in the economic policy by the developing countries. This solution calls for adoption of different forma of cooperation between governments of the developing countries and boards of supranational corporations from those pursued by many countries in the region under survey with in the so - called economic nationalism. Although the article concerns the countries of Latin America, the conclusions afforded by the performed analysis maybe applied also in relation to the remaining developing countries.
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