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PHILOLOGISTS: SCHOLARS OR POLITICIANS?

100%
Kamusella T.
Sprawy Narodowościowe
|
2008
|
issue 32
203-211
EN
On the basis of the collection 'The Study of Language and the Politics of Community in Global Context' (edited by D. L. Hoyt and K. Oslund), the reviewe reflects on the phenomenon of philology, an aspiring discipline of scholarship, which oftentimes exchanged research for becoming a branch of national politics. The abandonment of objectivity as the highest ideal in the study of language began in the early 19th century when language was fashioned into an instrument of politics, and nationhood and statehood legitimization. In this scheme of things philologists easily became politicians, and numerous statesmen desired to be recognized as linguists in their own right. This politicization of linguistics continues to this day, especially in Eurasia (where ethnic nationalism seems to be the norm of state-building), but not only.
2
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NATIONALISM AND SCHOOL ATLASES OF HISTORY

100%
Kamusella T.
Sprawy Narodowościowe
|
2007
|
issue 30
109-129
EN
The genre of the school atlas of history originated during the first half of the 19th century in the German Confederation, but it began to flourish only in the other half of this century in the German Empire and Austria-Hungary. Although such atlases made a fleeting appearance in France, the United Kingdom, or Spain, they never gained a permanent place in school curricula. Nowadays in Italy, Germany or Austria atlases of this kind are of auxiliary nature in schools. Quite on the contrary, the school atlas of history remains an obligatory textbook in Central Europe, from Poland through Turkey, and in the European post-Soviet states, whereas schools in the Asian post-Soviet states utilize Soviet school atlases or single-page maps of history. The author proposes that an explanation of this phenomenon lies in the fact that the ethnolinguistic kind of nationalism constitutes the legitimizing base of statehood in this region. This nationalism entails the isomorphism (or tight spatial overlapping) of national language, nation, and nation-state. Not only is the ideal notoriously hard to achieve, but the simultaneous juggling of linguistic and demographic arguments alongside changes in political borders is equally hard for a schoolchild to grasp without a graphic prop.
3
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Standardization of the Upper Silesian Language and its Social and Political Implications (especially in Opole,Silesia)

100%
Kamusella T.
Sprawy Narodowościowe
|
2004
|
issue 24-25
113-131
EN
Upper Silesia is a Central European region today located in Poland though its southernmost slither is also included in the Czech Republic. This division dates back to 1740-42 when Prussia wrested Lower and Upper Silesia away from Vienna. After World War I the German (Prussian) share of Upper Silesia was divided between Germany and Poland. During World War II National Socialist Germany seized almost entire historical Upper Silesia including Czechoslovakia's section of this region. In 1945 this section was returned to Czechoslovakia, while the rest of Upper Silesia (along with almost all Lower Silesia) was granted to Poland. In the pre-modern times Latin, chancery German and chancery Bohemian ('Czech of the Prague court') were used as written languages in Upper Silesia. After Prussia's seizure of this region standard German won the day though in 1849-1873 standard Polish was introduced as a medium of education to elementary schools for Slavophone population. The conjunction between standard languages (construed as 'national') and Central European nationalisms was strong. Thus, in the course of the 20th century standard Czech, German and Polish were forced on the inhabitants of Upper Silesia in an effort to make them into indistinguishable part of the Czech, German or Polish nation. In modern times the Upper Silesian population spoke West Germanic and North Slavic dialects as well as the Germanic-Slavic creole that emerged in the three last decades of the 19th century due to the intensive interaction of both these groups in the industrial basin. Shortly the Germanic-speakers acquired standard German, while frequent changes in the imposition of various standard languages on the Slavic-speakers entrenched them in their dialects and creole. After 1945 with the removal of Germans and the ban on German, this language and the Germanic dialects disappeared in Upper Silesia. Today the German minority speaks a Slavophone dialect and the creole to mark their ethnic difference vis-a-vis the Polish nation, while these two language forms are used by those considering themselves of the Silesian nation/ethnic group for the very same purpose. Obviously, languages being the basis of Central European nationalism, standardization of Upper Silesia's Slavophone dialect(s) and creole into a standardized Upper Silesia language may have wide-ranging effects: from divisive to integrating the ethnically variegated inhabitants of Upper Silesia.
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