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EN
As the self-government sector in Poland is facing the problem of rapidly growing debt, the issue of effective management of local debt has become of crucial importance. The use of the PPP formula in self-government investment projects is one of the ways to limit debt. Two new legal regulations gave the ‘green light' to this kind of cooperation: the public-private partnership bill of December 19th 2008 and the works and services concession bill of January 9th 2009. However, the PPP formula must not be viewed solely as an alternative to debt (as is done by most authors). There is even a risk that debt will further increase as a result of applying the PPP model. The European Union has been aware of this danger for a long time, as can be concluded from the Eurostat Decision 18/2004 regarding the way it would treat the influence of public-private partnership on public debt and the financial deficit of the public sector. The aim of this paper is to assess the advantages and the drawbacks of the PPP approach as used by the self-government sector, with particular focus on the possible impact on local public debt of liabilities resulting from the implementation of PPP projects.
EN
The article is aimed at investigation of the influence of local national debt on local and regional development. The authoress explains the nature, types and typology of national debt and also the present debt of local government entities against a background of the EU realia and conditions. Next, she presents opportunities and threats connected with the use of national debt as an instrument for financing the development. A creative character of the local debt connected with collecting of means necessary for the realization of definite investment undertakings deserves special attention. Local and regional development is not possible without using debt instruments, and a high level of debt of local government entities cannot be explicitly assessed as negative since it often results from an expansive, favouring development investment strategy of local governments.
EN
Financial aspect remains a key aspect of decentralization from the point of view of local self-government, and a kind of test illustrating the nature and scope of the processes of decentralization is the category of financial independence of local governmental units, referred to in Anglo-Saxon literature as local financial autonomy. The aim of the research is to demonstrate the essence and the key role of this category in terms of the local financial system, as well as the identification and evaluation of key determinants limiting the scope of the revenue autonomy of local government in Poland. The most important determinants are stated as follows: limited stability and performance of self-government units, excessively limited range of local taxation powers, frequent practice of imposing additional tasks to the regional and local authorities without appropriate financial compensation, dominance of income transfer in the system of local government finances, dysfunctional income equalisation system of local government, restrictive system of rationing local deficit and debt, excessive politicisation of the local government.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę wykorzystania dorobku nowej ekonomii instytucjonalnej do analizy relacji zachodzących między jednostkami samorządu terytorialnego (JST) a ich otoczeniem (administracją państwową, innymi JST i podmiotami prywatnymi). Wspomniane relacje opisano w kontekście trzech kategorii, tj. instytucji, kontraktów publicznych zawieranych przez JST i kosztów transakcyjnych. Celem teoretycznym opracowania jest przybliżenie podejścia instytucjonalnego w kontekście analiz odnoszących się do specyfiki jednostek sektora publicznego. Celem aplikacyjnym jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jaki sposób można wykorzystać postulaty nurtu nowej ekonomii instytucjonalnej do poprawy relacji JST z innymi jednostkami, przede wszystkim w aspekcie rozwoju instytucjonalnego administracji samorządowej, redukcji kosztów transakcyjnych, a w efekcie zapewnienia większej efektywności adaptacyjnej polskich JST do dynamicznie zmieniających się warunków otoczenia.
EN
The paper examines the prerequisites and effects of indebtedness of local government units in Poland, as well as identifies the determinants of their indebtedness, divided into legal-financial, political, economic-social and organisational-management ones. The level of indebtedness of these units in the years 2003–2020 is also presented. Cities with powiat status and municipalities are most heavily indebted, which is primarily related to local government investments carried out by them.
PL
Nowe uwarunkowania i wyzwania pojawiające się przed sektorem publicznym wymagają reorientacji systemu zarządzania finansami publicznymi. Dotyczy to również finansów jednostek samorządu terytorialnego. Autorki opracowania, szukając odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jaki sposób kształtować system efektywnego zarządzania finansami lokalnymi, odnoszą się do postulatów doktryny ekonomicznej, wykorzystując w tym aspekcie dorobek nowego zarządzania publicznego (New Public Management), koncepcji współzarządzania publicznego (Public Governance), a także wybranych koncepcji teoretycznych nurtu nowej ekonomii instytucjonalnej (New Institutional Economics).
EN
New conditions and challenges emerging in front of the public sector require the public finances management system to be reorganized. It also applies to the finances of local government units. The authors of the elaboration, while seeking to answer the question of how to shape the system of efficient management of local finances, refer to the demands of the economic doctrine, using, in this aspect, the achievements of New Public Management (NPM), the concept of Public Governance (PG), as well as selected theoretical concepts of the model of New Institutional Economics (NIE).
EN
Local government units resort to external repayable sources of financing their own activity, mainly those connected with investments, when the financial sources they have at their disposal are insufficient. However, owing to an unfavorable financial situation, some of them lose their creditworthiness because their debts exceed the legal limit. In such a situation, they decide to use the so-called unconventional instruments, which, although they provide certain long-term benefits, in a longer time perspective lead to negative consequences, connected mainly with diminished financial liquidity and the necessity to bear inflated costs of debt service. The aim of the paper is to present the reasons for using unconventional instruments of financing budget needs by decision-makers, as well as their specific character and economic effects, particularly as regards the financial stability and security of LGUs, the transparency of local finances and the related hazards. The achievement of this aim required analysis of the literature devoted to the subject, reports of controlling institutions and statistical data regarding the debt level of LGUs.
PL
Aktualny globalny kryzys finansowy i gospodarczy, a w konsekwencji spadek wielkości dochodów publicznych w wielu krajach, wymusił na państwach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej rewizję prowadzonych polityk podatkowych. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja tych zmian oraz ocena skuteczności zastosowanych wariantów polityki podatkowej (pasywnej lub aktywnej) w kontekście procesu stabilizowania finansów publicznych. Artykuł został podzielony na dwie części, tj. teoretyczną i empiryczną. W pierwszej z nich przeprowadzono dyskusję na temat dotychczasowych badań nad skutecznością równoważenia finansów publicznych za pomocą instrumentów polityki podatkowej. W drugiej części opracowania zaprezentowano politykę podatkową realizowaną przez państwa członkowskie UE na poziomie narodowym, a także posługując się wnioskowaniem statystycznym dokonano oceny wpływu przedmiotowej polityki na równoważenie systemów finansów publicznych.
EN
The current global financial and economic crisis, and consequently the drop in public revenues in many countries has forced the European Union countries to revise their tax policies. The aim of the article is to identify these changes and assess the effectiveness of passive and discretionary fiscal policy in the context of stabilizing public finances. The first part of paper carries out a debate over current research on the effectiveness of balancing public finances by instruments of fiscal policy. The second part presents the tax policy implemented at the national level by EU Member States, and the statistical verification of the impact of this policy on balancing public finances of the analyzed countries.
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