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Chytrost bez porozumění: hypotéza kulturní inteligence a její limity

100%
Matějíček P.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
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2021
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vol. 43
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issue 1
117-143
EN
Humans are remarkably adaptable, and therefore a successful species. There are many speculative answers to the question of why this is so. One of them represents the cultural intelligence hypothesis, which considers cultural learning skills as the key to human success. This work aims to present the hypothesis of cultural intelligence as a viable alternative to more conventional approaches within the debate about the origin of human intelligence, such as the hypothesis of general and improvisational intelligence. Their mutual comparison shows that cultural intelligence hypothesis must necessarily work with flexible social learning strategies to describe cultural transmission, thus losing part of its explanatory power. As the theory of metacognitive strategies of social learning by cognitive psychologist Cecilia Heyes shows, there is a way to combine the flexibility of human reasoning with the “stupid” process of cultural selection.
CS
Člověk je mimořádně přizpůsobivým, a proto úspěšným živočišným druhem. Existuje mnoho spekulativních odpovědí na otázku, proč tomu tak je. Jednu z nich představuje hypotéza kulturní inteligence, která uvažuje o schopnosti kulturního učení jako o klíči k lidskému úspěchu. Cílem této práce je představit hypotézu kulturní inteligence jako podnětnou alternativu k etablovanějším přístupům v otázkách po původu lidské inteligence v čele s hypotézou obecné a improvizační inteligence. Jejich vzájemná komparace ukazuje, že hypotéza kulturní inteligence musí při popisu kulturní transmise nutně pracovat s flexibilními strategiemi sociálního učení, čímž ztrácí část své explanační síly. Nicméně to nemusí být ještě důvod k odmítnutí jejího zdravého jádra, protože existuje možnost, jak zkombinovat flexibilitu lidského uvažování s „hloupým“ procesem kulturní selekce, kterou nabízí koncepce metakognitivních strategií sociálního učení kognitivní psycholožky Cecilie Heyesové.
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Experimentální studie akceptace pravidel přirozené dedukce v českém jazyce

51%
Drobňák M., Peregrin J., Matějíček P., Hubálek M.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2021
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vol. 82
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issue 1
67-83
EN
Gentzen’s rules of natural deduction define the basic inference patterns which govern the use of logical constants within the logical system of natural deduction. In general, these rules are considered to represent a model that significantly approximates the actual use of counterparts of logical constants by competent speakers in everyday communication. Despite the fact that Gentzen’s system is assumed to approximate the inferential patterns of the use of counterparts of logical constants in natural languages, empirical studies mapping the system’s deviations from natural languages are rather rare. The aim of our research is, therefore, to find out to what extent the rules of natural deduction are in accordance with the use of counterparts of logical constants by competent Czech speakers. In our research, we employ the method of validity judgment tasks, in which respondents assess whether a sentence can be inferred from a short text. The results confirm that seven rules of natural deduction (conjunction introduction, conjunction elimination, disjunction elimination, implication elimination, existential quantifier introduction, universal quantifier introduction, universal quantifier elimination) are in accordance with the use of their counterparts by competent Czech speakers, and three rules (implication introduction, negation introduction, disjunction introduction) exhibit various levels of deviation.
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