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1

IS THE HOMUNCULUS IDENTIFIED?

100%
Necka E.
Psychological Studies
|
2004
|
vol. 42
|
issue 1
7-10
EN
Higher-order functions of cognitive control are not dealt with properly by contemporary psychologists. All to often, the mysterious 'little man', or homunculus, is implicitly referred to when speaking about the mechanisms of cognitive control. For instance, control is switched on or off, but by whom? The thesis of this short note is to suggest that attention is the mechanism that plays a role implicitly ascribed to the homunculus. So, the studies of attention, with their many theories and sophisticated experimental paradigms, may be insightful for our understanding of the controlling functions of mind.
2

INTRAINDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY OF INTELLIGENCE

100%
Necka E.
Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)
|
2003
|
vol. 11
97-108
EN
The aim of this article is to describe the intraindividual variability of intelligence. Psychological theories of intelligence grew up as an attempt to describe and account for the interindividual variability of cognitive skills. Therefore, the phenomenon of intraindividual variability of this trait was studied rather infrequently. In this chapter, two types of such changes are distinguished. First, there are long term changes, like developmental, regressive, and degenerative. Second, there are short term changes, called 'temporary disconnections' and constant fluctuations of intellectual skills. The chapter ends with some conclusions for psychological theory and practice, which result from the necessity to take into account the phenomenon of the intraindividual variability of human intelligence.
3

DECISIONS AND ELEMENTARY COGNITIVE PROCESSES

63%
Wichary S., Necka E.
Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)
|
2006
|
vol. 15
233-250
EN
Decision making, as a complex mental process, consists of sequences of rudimentary cognitive operations. Therefore, various alternative strategies of information processing can be applied during decision making. The choice of a given strategy depends on situational factors, as well as on the personal characteristics of a decision maker. These characteristics refer mostly to efficiency of attention and working memory processes. Elementary cognitive operations occur in working memory, so its efficiency must be vital for the process of decision making. In spite of these obviously clear assumptions, attempts to investigate the relationships between elementary cognitive operations and the processes of decision making are relatively scarce. In this chapter, the authors discuss such relationships. Particular stress is put on the problem of strategies of decision making and their dependency on the attention and working memory functioning.
4

NEURAL MECHANISMS OF INTELLIGENCE

63%
Necka E., Orzechowski J.
Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)
|
2006
|
vol. 14
43-61
EN
The chapter contains a review of research and state-of-the-art knowledge concerning the neural mechanisms of intelligence. The review is divided into four parts, referring to the hypothetical bases of relations between intelligence and structure of the brain or its functions. The following areas of research are therefore discussed: (1) localization of intelligence in the brain, (2) fast and errorless transmission of impulses as a basis of intelligence, (3) intelligence and neural efficiency hypothesis, and (4) the role of brain volume and cranial capacity. The results are judged inconclusive concerning the detailed knowledge of the neural mechanisms of intelligence. Moreover, they seem inconclusive concerning the very essence of intelligence. The authors claim that the body of research under review shows neural correlates of individual differences in intellectual ability rather than mechanisms of intelligence. There is also a suggestion that the knowledge of neural correlates of intelligence is not synonymous with the knowledge of intelligence. The latter needs careful psychological analyses and the use of theoretical constructs introduced by cognitive psychology.
5

UNITARY ATTENTION: REACTIVATION

63%
Szymura B., Necka E.
Psychological Studies
|
2004
|
vol. 42
|
issue 1
47-56
EN
The question whether attention is a unitary concept or not is still unanswered. Allport suggested possibility of autonomic modules of attentional system, whereas Kahneman postulated mechanism of attentional distribution of common mental energy resources. In three independent experiments (N = 59, N = 62, N = 102) three models of attentional control was tested: unitary model (controled processing), partial model (autonomic processing) and mixed model (controled processing on the global level and autonomic processing on the local level). Three version of the DIVA test of selective and divided attention was employed. The test versions differed in task difficulty. The divided attention costs were observed in each study. However, the type of attentional control depended on task difficulty. Unitary and mixed models were confirmed, whereas it appeared impossible to test partial model due to relative difficulty of each used version of the DIVA test. Attention seems to be not only unitary system, but also flexible, changing the type of control due to the task difficulty.
6

EFFICIENCY OF ATTENTION AND INTELLIGENCE: A PARAMETRIC MODEL IN THE ACT-R ARCHITECTURE

63%
Chuderski A., Necka E.
Psychological Studies
|
2004
|
vol. 42
|
issue 1
111-124
EN
In the research, a hypothesis that intelligent subjects are characterized by a more efficient attentional mechanism was proved. A new experimental task was exploited, which measures the ability to control two concurrent mental activities, but imposes minimal motor demands. Significant number of errors during the dual-task condition, and fast automatization were observed, which confirm theoretical aptness of the task as a measure of attention efficiency. An attempt was also made at avoiding limits of correlational methods based on tasks designed within attentional resources paradigm. Causal relationships were examined with a model of attentional mechanism based on ACT-R computational theory of mind. The model implements both parallel processes of selective attention and serial control on reaction selection, and explains 87% of the error variance observed in the experiment. Additional manipulation of a model's parameter, which reflects available attentional resource, enabled to explain 74% of error variance for 4 groups of subjects with different intelligence levels. The results of simulation suggest two-level causal relationship between intelligence and attention: intelligence as a trait influences attentional and memory processes, which then influence the efficiency of reasoning processes determining the level of psychometric intelligence.
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