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EN
Healthcare in Poland is mainly financed by public sector entities, among them the National Health Fund (NFZ), state budget and local government budgets. The task of the National Health Fund, as the main payer in the system, is chiefly currently financing the services. The state budget plays a complementary role in the system, and finances selected groups of services, health insurance premiums and investments in healthcare infrastructure. The basic role of the local governments is to ensure access to the services, mostly by performing ownership functions towards healthcare institutions.
EN
The objective of the study is the analysis of the relations between the distribution of non-financial resources of health care protection at a regional level (voivodeships) and the state of health of the female and male population. The study refers, therefore, to a geographical concept, and the potential access to health service benefits. The following research hypotheses were formulated: (H1) non-financial resources are unevenly distributed among the regions; (H2) access to the health care services affects the state of health of females and males; (H3) there are time delays between the observed levels of accessibility and the state of health of the population. Relying on the Perkal method and on the analysis of the correlation between classes of accessibility of services and the state of health of females and males, described by the expected life span at the age of 30, 45 and 60, the truth of the postulated hypotheses was proved
EN
In this paper we verified and analysed the relationship between: (1) cycling (in minutes) and doing another sports, in a typical week, and social determinants of health; (2) moving on foot in public space and social determinants of health; (3) physical activity associated with the performance of work and the social determinants of health; (4) physical activity and health assessment, long-term health problems, diseases and chronic ailments, and athleticism. We constructed three research hypotheses: (H1) residents of densely populated areas (large cities) are physically active; (H2) the longer the time average intensity of physical activity, the healthier the population; (H3) the healthiest group are people physically active. The first hypothesis was positively verified — inhabitants of large cities often spend a lot of time at work, are stressed and need some physical activity. The second hypothesis was confirmed only partially: Chi square = 1692,469; Yul φ = 0,322; Q-Kendalla = 0,297 indicate that there is a statistically significant relationship between the amount of time spent on sports and health. The longer time spent on sport, the better health. The third hypothesis was also confirmed — active physical enjoy better health.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia zjawisko przedsiębiorczości oraz możliwości podejmowania przez władze lokalne działań na rzecz jej wspierania. Dokonano oceny dotychczasowej aktywności władz lokalnych w sferze inicjowania działań wspierających inicjatywy gospodarcze. Wskazano potencjalne obszary zmian i usprawnień w lokalnej polityce wsparcia. Propozycje usprawnień odniesiono do obiektywnych ograniczeń wyznaczanych przez obowiązujące ramy prawne.
EN
The article presents the role of territorial units in enterprise stimulation, discusses the factors that encourage local authorities to promote entrepreneurship or discourage them from using supporting instruments. The authors assess the current activity of local governments in the domain and they suggest potential changes in local policy regarding entrepreneurship stimulation. The article points out areas where improvement is possible despite the obstacles due to the existing legal framework
EN
This article presents the role of local governments in supporting entrepreneurship development. The content of the article presents the factors which foster activities undertaken by local authorities to promote entrepreneurship and also shows different considerations of when the supporting instruments are in use. The article is also an assessment of current activities of local governments in the sphere of supporting business initiatives. It indicates potential of possible changes in local policy on supporting entrepreneurship. The article sets out areas of possible improvements in policy when stimulating economic activity by local authorities. It addresses the improvements of the objective restrictions which are laid out by the existing legal framework.
EN
The purpose of the article. The presented research aims to analyze the impact of health education on students' attitudes towards taking care of their health, the health of other people and the ability to create a healthy environment. The paper assumes that health education is provided in schools by the applicable law. The work presents an up-to-date perspective on the complex problem of how young people perceive health. Methodology. To verify the significance of the differences in the respondents' assessments, statistical methods (non-parametric tests) were used: the U-Mann-Whitney test and the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. The calculations were made using Statistica. The research sample included young people from upper secondary and general education schools. The author's questionnaire was used. The study was anonymous. Respondents completed the questionnaire voluntarily. The research was conducted between March and September 2023. Results of the research. The conducted empirical analyses and the results of the surveys allowed us to achieve the goal assumed in the introduction and confirmed that health education in secondary schools influences the shaping of students' attitudes towards taking care of their health and the health of the community in which they live. By implementing health education at school – according to the core curriculum – students' awareness and motivation to undertake activities to improve and maintain good health is increased. Additionally, practical skills are developed to help them use the acquired knowledge in everyday life, and pro-health attitudes are formed. Health promotion is, therefore, the key to improving the health of school children, preparing them for a healthy lifestyle and making informed choices about their health and the community in which they live.
EN
The purpose of the article. The study aims to analyze how these special rules of financing during the pandemic affected the financial situation of hospitals in Poland. Methodology. We analyzed a sample of 86 Polish hospitals from 2019 to 2021. The financial condition is assessed based on financial ratios and the synthetic measure M1. We employ the Kruskall-Wallis test to confirm the differences between the values of financial ratios in the analyzed period. Results of the research. We confirm that due to the special rules and financing, combined with underperformance, the financial condition of Polish hospitals has slightly improved – especially in the case of operating margin, EAT to debt ratio and ROA.
EN
The property tax system in Poland has not been significantly reformed over the last 30 years. The article presents arguments for and against introducing selected solutions in Poland (such as value property tax, vacant property tax, tax on subsequent properties and taxation of housing funds). It aims to explain the influence of each solution on the real estate market and to indicate budgetary consequences for local government units.
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