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Badania archeologiczne Rynku w Bieruniu Starym, woj. śląskie

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Andrzejewski A., Lewandowski M., Pietrzak J., Instytut Archeologii U. Ł.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

2004

vol. 24

Archaeological excavations on the area of the market place in Bieruń Stary were next stage of researches intended to lead to modernisation and rebuild of the market surface as well as rebuild and partial exchange of the terrain’s infrastructure. As a result of an agreement between a building company and the Preservation Service, after having informed the Investor, the Town and Commune Council in Bieruń Stary, seven exploratory units of total 200 sq m have been marked out. They were located in places where earlier radar and electromagnetic investigations of the ground made with the SIR radar indicated disturbances in stratification. It suggested that archaeological features occurred there. The disturbances were interpreted as remains of a town hall, scales, other market buildings and surfaces hardening the market area (covering with wood, stone pavements). The excavations carried out on the market of Bieruń Stary have yielded considerable collection of artefacts. Together 5875 items have been found; the most numerous group (4565) was constituted by fragments of clay vessels. The frequency of each collection of artefacts in different exploratory units was various and the whole material can be treated as strongly shattered and secondary mixed to a great extent. The artefacts quite regularly saturated stratification of all the units except unit VII where barely 144 specimens have been found. As a result of the excavations it has been stated that in the areas in point there are no remains that could be connected with the town functioning from its location at the end of the 14th till the 17th century. It is possible that the town originally had a different location and different directions of development and no sooner than after the great fire in 1677 a new town regulation took place. Great probability of this hypothesis is well founded by the fact that the oldest traces of the market usage only come from the 2nd half of the 17th century. Also all the discovered relics of wooden buildings are dated to the years immediately after the fire. As far as inter-market buildings are concerned, in the northern part of the market (in a place indicated as a result of the radar investigation) relics of the south-western comer of a building have been revealed. We believe that, with great probability, it can be assumed that it is a remnant of the town scales. In the terrain it manifests in a layer of broken stone being a foundation of inconsiderably preserved comer wall beam. The relic can be preliminarily dated to the 19th century. Unfortunately no other remains of the inter-market building area have been found although their occurrence is suggested by the SIR radar investigation. Similarly, relics of the stone paved road have not been found. Only the presence of earthen layers from the 2nd half of the 17th - the beginning of the 20th century. In the central part of the market, in the place suggested by the SIR investigation, relics of the town hall have not been found. To be quite truthful, there are some relics of an archaeological object, but its fragmentary state excludes any far-reaching conclusions. We think that there is an interesting situation in the south-western frontage of the market where relics of its older, southern frontage have been registered. It should be dated to the period from the 2nd half of the 17th to the end of the 18th century. It was shifted about 13 metres north of the present frontage. A wooden pavement once coming under the arcades has been registered, which is showed by relics of posts placed in the surface of the pavement. Before padding beams were laid, the surface of the market had been strengthened by fascine. Whereas after the liquidation of the original building line and enlargement of the market to its present size its surface (at least in the region under consideration) was paved with broken limestone. It probably happened at the end of the 18th or at the beginning of the 19th century. In the surface the presence of a gutter (a sewer canal) made of different kinds of coniferous wood has been stated. At the beginnings of the 20th century the rebuild of the market surface took place. In the area under investigation it was carefully paved with broken limestone, what undoubtedly contributed to the town’s aesthetics, but unfortunately at the opportunity destroyed the older layers.

Klasztor w Ołoboku w badaniach archeologicznych roku 1997

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Andrzejewski A., Kajzer L., Lewandowski M., Instytut Archeologii U. Ł.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

2001

vol. 23 T.2

The objective of preliminary field works conducted in 1997 on the ground of former female Cistercian cloister in Ołobok was to define the size of its original, not preserved foundations and to make plans for future studies as far as architectural history of the object is concerned. The project included studies on the cloister hill stratigraphy and defining the width and range of eastern and northern wing of the claustrum. On the total area of 120 m2 (the cubature exceeded 300 m3) along Tour rows six examination ditches were dug and 108 drills made, with the use of geological drill. Excavations brought 8886 specimens of portable relic material, irregularly distributed in individual examination units. Relics occurred mainly in deposits beyond the confines of the cloister buildings. Finds from Olobok collected during examinations demand further comparative analyses. Although the observations may undergo slight changes during further studies, preliminary characteristics of the relics can be presented now. The largest group of the total number of 4818 relics is constituted of fragments of clay vessels. Among the finds there were: 1394 fragments of window and vessel glass, 1211 fragments of stove tiles (among them 1102 fragments of plate tiles), 18 fragments o f building ceramics, 305 metal articles (mainly nails, hooks, etc.) and 1123 animal bones. According to preliminary analyses the collection of portable finds illustrates mainly the process of functioning of the cloister unit in its baroque phase. Excavations did not bring relics which would enable to illustrate the issue of the material culture of the Olobok female Cistercians in the Middle Ages. Although the present works have not provided us with new knowledge about architectural transformations of the cloister in Olobok, and although it has become obvious that because of a complete destruction of the foundation parts of the monastery it would never be possible, the collected data have allowed to acknowledge that in late Middle Ages the Olobok unit was entirely made of wood. Traces of the late Mediaeval phase were observed only marginally. It should be assumed that the remains of constructions and the ground layers were totally damaged during subsequent building works. Masonry church and a claustrum of undefined spatial form were raised at the end of the 15th or at the beginning of the 16th century. Late gothic cloister was probably totally pulled down in the 17th century and on its place the first baroque foundation was raised. Probably at that time was built a quadrilateral unit of buildings concentrated around elongated viridarium, although that spatial form might have equally well been connected with the second baroque reconstruction, which took place since the 2nd half of the 18th century. Also at that time the Ołobok ’’palace" of female abbots was founded. A total demolition of cloister buildings took place in 1882 and led to a complete disappearance of relic masonry structures. Therefore, the cognitive value of the object is very much limited and regarding its stratigraphy a full reconstruction of the cloister foundations in the respecting stages of its functioning will not be possible.

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2 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

2 Andrzejewski A.

2 Instytut Archeologii U. Ł.

2 Lewandowski M.

1 Kajzer L.

1 Pietrzak J.

1 2004

1 2001

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Badania archeologiczne Rynku w Bieruniu Starym, woj. śląskie

Klasztor w Ołoboku w badaniach archeologicznych roku 1997