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Unemployment in the Polish countryside and its effect on the development and rate of maturation of rural girls

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Olszewska E., Łaska-Mierzejewska T.
Anthropological Review
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2008
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vol. 71
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issue 1
33-42
EN
The aim of this study is to assess the biological status of girls from landless rural families - daughters of working fathers, and those of unemployed fathers. The measures include age at menarche, body height and weight, and the body mass index (BMI). The study of rural girls was conducted in 2001; a total of 9599 girls aged 9-18 were examined. The material used in the present article only embraces girls from non-farming rural families (N = 4476). It was divided into daughters of working fathers (86.5%) and those of unemployed fathers (13.5%). Daughters of working fathers mature earlier than those of unemployed fathers. The difference in the age at menarche is 0.39 years and is statistically significant. The age at menarche of daughters of unemployed fathers approximates the menarchal age of daughters from farming families with many children (5 or more) in which both parents have elementary education. In groups similar in terms of the father's education and the number of children in the family, daughters of unemployed fathers display a later age at menarche and a lower body height and weight. These results support the statement that a father's lack of employment affects the biological status of his daughters.
PL
W Polsce bezrobocie zostało dostrzeżone jako negatywne zjawisko społeczne po zmianach systemowych, jakie miały miejsce w 1989 roku. Wzrost bezrobocia powoduje pogorszenie sytuacji ekonomicznej rodzin, co może wpływać na rozwój biologiczny dzieci i młodzieży. Celem pracy jest ocena kondycji biologicznej dziewcząt z wiejskich rodzin bezrolnych, zróżnicowanych ze względu na status zatrudnienia ich ojców: córek ojców pracujących oraz bezrobotnych (tabela 1). W przedstawianej pracy za mierniki kondycji biologicznej przyjęto: wiek menarche, wysokość i masę ciała oraz wskaźnik masy ciała (BMI). Badania dziewcząt wiejskich zostały przeprowadzone w 2001 roku w czterech różnych rejonach kraju. Łącznie zbadano 9.599 dziewcząt w wieku 9 - 18 lat. Materiał niniejszego artykułu stanowią jedynie dziewczęta pochodzące z wiejskich rodzin nierolniczych. Liczebność tej grupy wynosiła 4.476 dziewcząt, co stanowi 46,6% ogółu zbadanych dziewcząt. Grupa ta została podzielona na córki ojców pracujących - 86,5% (N = 3.646) oraz bezrobotnych - 13,5% (N = 567). Strukturę rodzin tych dziewcząt przedstawia tabela 2, a ich sytuację materialną - tabela 3.Córki ojców pracujących dojrzewają wcześniej niż córki ojców bezrobotnych. Różnica w tempie dojrzewania w badanych grupach wynosi 0,39 roku i jest istotna statystycznie. Wiek menarche córek ojców bezrobotnych wynosi 13,51 roku i jest wyższy niż we wszystkich wyróżnionych grupach społeczno-zawodowych dziewcząt wiejskich badanych w 2001 roku (rolnicza, rolniczo-robotnicza, nierolnicza). Wiek pojawienia się pierwszej miesiączki u córek ojców bezrobotnych jest zbliżony do wieku dojrzewania córek z rodzin rolniczych, wielodzietnych (5 i więcej dzieci), w których oboje rodzice posiadają wykształcenie podstawowe (tabele 4-6). W grupach wyrównanych pod względem wykształcenia ojca oraz dzietności rodzin córki ojców bezrobotnych odznaczają się wyższym wiekiem menarche oraz mniejszą wysokością i masą ciała (tabela 7). Przedstawione wyniki pozwalają stwierdzić, że bezrobocie ojca wpływa na stan biologiczny ich córek. Wpływ ten jest znacząco większy na tempo dojrzewania niż na wysokość i masę ciała.
2
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Regional diversity in the socio-economic situation of Poland’s rural population in the period 1967-2001, assessed by anthropological methods

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Łaska-Mierzejewska T., Olszewska E.
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
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2013
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vol. 17
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issue 3
26-32
EN
The analysis covered girls, aged 9-18, from farmer, farmer-worker and non-farmer rural families inhabiting 4 regions of Poland. Additionally, parents’ education, number of children per family and the wealth of the family were recorded. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of social stratification of the rural population, the economic crisis (1978-1989) and political and economic transition (1989) on the girls’ biological maturation. Age at menarche and body height were used as biological measures of living conditions. In the period 1967-1977 a marked acceleration in maturation and a significant increase in average body height were noted. The study repeated in 1987 demonstrated negative effects of the economic crisis (1977-1989). Research findings from 2001, after the political system transformation, provide evidence ‘compensating for losses’ recorded in girls’ biological condition during the crisis. The diversity of biogeographic and socioeconomic conditions of rural inhabitants in the studied regions is reflected in a marked diversification in age of menarche and body height.
3

Social distances decrease of body height and the maturation rate of Polish girls in urban and rural population in the period 1967–2009

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Łaska-Mierzejewska T., Dobosz J., Nowacka-Dobosz S., Olszewska E., Wilczewski A.
Anthropological Review
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2016
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vol. 79
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issue 3
281-299
EN
The aim of the study is to present social distances in biological development of youth in the period of changes in economic and political situation in Poland. Material and methods: 1. Nationwide study of children and adolescents aged 7.5 to 19.5 years started in 1979 and repeated every decade till 2009, 2. Survey conducted in the region of eastern Poland in 1987 and 2007, 3. Study of rural girls repeated four times between 1967 and 2001. The differences in body height and age at menarche between the inhabitants of towns and rural areas, as well as the differences between rural girls determined by diversified source of income for the family, will be presented. The age at menarche (AM) in each study was calculated using probit method. A monotonic decrease in body height differences between the inhabitants of towns, and girls living in rural areas was observed. On the basis of nationwide studies arithmetic means of the differences in terms of age were 1.9 cm in 1979 and 0.82 in 2009. At the same time, differences in the AM among girls in compared agglomerations decreased from 0.36 to 0.26, respectively. In eastern region of Poland the difference in body height between the residents of towns and villages in 1987 was 1.76 cm, and in 2007, only 0.38 cm; the difference of AM decreased from 0.41 to 0.14 years. The research conducted on inhabitants of rural areas has shown the earliest maturation and slightly greater body height for girls from landless families and the latest maturation and the smallest body height for the daughters of farmers. The differences in AM between the two groups decreased from 0.53 years in 1967 to 0.15 in 2001. The political transformation (1989) unequally influenced people on different levels of urbanization, different socio-professional groups and residents of various regions of the country, but was reflected in the results of anthropological research. The largest social advancement measured in terms of acceleration of maturation in the period covered by the research was characteristic for rural girls, especially the daughters of farmers.
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