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EN
The author discussed the premises of public functionaries’ liability for damages and procedure of its realization due to the Public Functionaries Financial Liability for Flagrant Breaches of Law Act of 20 January 2011. The aims of this Act as formulated by the legislator were: a reduction of number of flagrant breaches of law cases including administrative decisions issued with contravention of the law, a betterment of carrying out business activities conditions and at the same time contribution to business development, a diminution of financial burdens of State Treasury and other public entities, and an increase of citizen’s trust in public administration. During legislative process many reservations to bills regulating public functionaries’ liability were raised by legal experts. Unfortunately, these critical remarks have not been taken into account by the legislator. Therefore, the important question of making recourse liability of public functionaries real is still not resolved. In the article following questions have been described: the subjective and objective scope of public functionaries’ civil liability, premises of it and procedural regulations. The author pointed out some controversial questions concerning participation of a regional prosecutor in the proceedings which aim at a recourse liability of public functionary, and presented the most convincing solutions of them.
EN
The author discussed the objective scope of public functionaries’ liability for damages due to the Public Functionaries Financial Liability for Flagrant Breaches of Law Act of 20 January 2011. In the article some legal problems dealt with narrow scope of public functionarius’ liability as regulated by the legislator have been analyzed.
EN
The article looks at the meaning of “transformation unemployment” and evaluates the issue with reference to Poland. The trajectory of transformation unemployment is described, as are other important labour market issues including the structure of the country’s sectors and hiring in the Polish economy after 1990. Theoretical perspectives from the literature on the subject are also presented. The study makes use of data from the Central Statistical Office database on unemployment and hiring in Poland from 1990 to 2007. On the basis of the analysis it may be concluded that in comparison with more developed countries Poland’s level of unemployment remains too high, which in part can be attributed to the continued maintenance of structural transformation unemployment. This form of unemployment has become a lasting element in the theoretical discussion on the processes of system transformation in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, including in Poland. In spite of numerous studies it remains difficult to point to a set of homogenous factors that account for the intensifying of this phenomenon. It would seem more appropriate to discuss specific characteristics from each country of the analysed region.
PL
Dążenie do racjonalnego zatrudnienia staje się jednym z podstawowych zadań, które pojawiają się przed polityką gospodarczą państw odbudowujących gospodarkę rynkową. Zadanie to może być realizowane różnymi sposobami przy założeniu, że fundusz inwestycyjny jest wyznaczony przez obiektywne możliwości gospodarcze kraju i ustalona została struktura przyrostu dochodu narodowego, tempo wzrostu zatrudnienia, a więc i proces likwidacji istniejących rezerw siły roboczej uzależniony jest od poziomu kapitałochłonności przyjętych technik produkcji. W artykule autor rozpatruje podstawowe argumenty za i przeciw stosowaniu bardziej lub mniej kapitałochłonnych technik produkcji i próbuje ustalić długookresowe efekty proponowanych rozwiązań.
EN
Selection of generated technique of production at the level of national economy, contributes to balancing available labour resources with investment funds. Techniques, which are more capital consuming, permit to maximize economic surplus which in a short period of time is obtained at the cost of an unemployment increase, whereas during a long period of the time the economic surplus makes the investment fund stronger, which stimulates an economic growth and advances the process of unemployment reduction. The second approach basing on lowering the capital-consuming techniques of production, causes an employment increase on the one hand but a decrease of work efficiency on the other hand. The choice of higher or lower consumption of capital is actually neither a choice of "better" nor "worse" production techniques.
PL
One of the most important legal problems discussed in the 19th century by German lawyers was that of state liability due to damages resulting from illegal acts of its officials. An influential forum of exchange of ideas was the German Association of German Jurists which organized all-German congresses to solve legal questions in order to promote German unity. Although the problem of state responsibility was discussed at some of the Association congresses in the 19th century, the most interesting was that held in Kiel in 1905. It was due to the fact that many German states had at that time legal regulations concerning state liability, but they were quite different. That generated many complications, making realization of a legal unity within the German Reich difficult. Two proposals for solving this situation were presented at the Congress in Kiel by Otto von Gierke and Rudolf von Herrnritt. Their ideas constituted bases for the discussion which followed. The paper presents the discussion on the state liability, which took place at the Congress in Kiel.
EN
The paper offers a statistical analysis of the determinants of wage differences in Poland in 2002-2006. These analyses are made with the use of a theoretical model that combines the Solow-Summers efficiency wage model (a neo-Keynesian economic model) and neoclassical growth models. This combined model shows that wage differences are determined by macroeconomic variables such as labor productivity and the unemployment rate. The authors use statistical data collected by the Central Statistical Office (GUS) on wages, labor productivity and unemployment in individual counties in Poland in 2002-2006. The analysis shows that the highest wages are reported in large urban centers and “counties that are centers of local economic development,” the authors say. On the other hand, the lowest wages are in typically agricultural counties and those that were home to many former state-run farms. In counties with a high rate of unemployment, relative wages in 2002-2006 were usually lower than in counties with low unemployment rates, while a high level of relative labor productivity was usually accompanied by a high level of relative wages. Regression equation estimates for each of the country’s 16 provinces show that relative wages had a different impact on unemployment rates and relative labor productivity in individual provinces.
EN
Market transition in Central and Eastern Europe triggered many new socioeconomic developments. One of them was the appearance of open unemployment vastly different from that noted in most developed economies around the world. As a result, the term “transformation unemployment” began to be used in literature on the subject. The authors of the article analyze the trend from a theoretical point of view and then follow up with an empirical study of unemployment. They present changes in the labor force and GDP in several groups of countries: Central Europe (Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary) plus Slovenia; Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia; Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova; Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan; and Balkan countries (former Yugoslav states except Slovenia as well as Albania, Bulgaria and Romania). The authors offer a statistical analysis of GDP growth and unemployment in individual groups of countries. In the final part of the article, the most important conclusions are summed up. These include the fact that the analyzed groups of countries display major differences in unemployment rates, along with changes in employment figures and labor productivity. Moreover, in most these countries, GDP growth has had a limited effect on unemployment. The only exception is Central Europe, though the European members of the Commonwealth of Independent States and transition economies in the Balkans also stand out positively.
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