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EN
Feedback received by students plays an important role in shaping students’ academic progress, their ability to abide by certain rules and norms as well as their pro-social behaviours. The effectiveness of feedback depends on the way it is provided. The aim of this study was to determine what type of feedback is the most prevalent in the student-teacher communication. Provided feedback was analysed from two separate perspectives: students’ and teachers’. Students (N = 271) and teachers (N = 65) from chosen high schools took part in the study. Teacher’s Feedbacks Questionnaire was used to obtain the respondents’ opinions on the frequency of different types of feedback provided both in “teaching situations” vs “pedagogical situations” and with respect to positive vs negative behaviours. Thanks to the application of an appropriate procedure it was possible to obtain data regarding: 1) teachers’ imagined expectations of students and 2) actual reactions (as declared individually). Students were tested in regards to: 3) their expectations towards feedback and 4/ actual feedback received from the teachers. The results show that, as for the positive feedback, teachers’ beliefs towards what is expected by the students and what students actually expect were congruent, whereas it was opposite regarding the negative feedback. A clear discrepancy could also be seen between students’ and teachers’ opinions concerning the actual feedback provided for both positive and negative feedback. There is a clear tendency for teachers to present themselves as communicatively competent pedagogues, who provide effective and constructive feedback. Students, on the other hand, indicate that the student-teacher communication is lacking in terms of providing feedback
PL
Informacje zwrotne, które uczeń otrzymuje od nauczyciela, są ważnym elementem oddziaływania zarówno na postępy edukacyjne, jak i wypełnianie norm i zasad oraz zachowania prospołeczne na teranie szkoły. Skuteczność feedbacków zależy od sposobu ich sformułowania. Celem badania było sprawdzenie, jakiego rodzaju informacje zwrotne dominują w komunikacji między uczniami i nauczycielami. Udzielanie informacji zwrotnych analizowano w dwóch grupach: nauczycieli i uczniów. W badaniu wzięli udział uczniowie liceum (N = 271) oraz nauczyciele (N = 65). Zastosowano kwestionariusz ankiety Feedbacki Nauczycieli, umożliwiający zbadanie deklaracji respondentów w zakresie częstości występowania danej formy feedbacku w zadaniach dydaktycznych vs. sytuacjach wychowawczych, z uwzględnieniem pozytywnych vs. negatywnych zachowań. Wyniki badania pokazują, że w odniesieniu do feedbacków pozytywnych wyobrażenia nauczycieli na temat oczekiwań uczniów i deklarowane przez uczniów oczekiwania są zbieżne, a w przypadku feedbacków negatywnych – rozbieżne. Wyraźna różnica między nauczycielami i uczniami występuje w opiniach na temat rzeczywiście przekazywanych feedbacków pozytywnych i negatywnych. W przypadku nauczycieli widoczna jest tendencja do kreowania własnego wizerunku jako osoby kompetentnej komunikacyjnie. Uczniowie natomiast wskazują na niedostatki w zakresie komunikacji zwrotnej ze strony nauczycieli.
PL
The feedback passed on by teachers as viewed by secondary school pupilsFeedback is a necessary element in the process of education and development. The efficiency of feedback depends on the way it is passed on: constructively (e.g. positive comment, constructive criticism indicating how one should improve their behaviour) or destructively (e.g. labeling,  destructive criticism, negative opinion without any additional comment, or generalisation). This article contains the results of research based on the opinions expressed by secondary school pupils (N = 250) on the subject of the ways in which teachers pass their feedback in two types of situations: connected with education and school behaviour. FN questionnaire including 16 situations (8 educational and 8 connected with school behaviour) was applied in the research, presenting pupils’ positive or negative behaviour. To each of the situations 5 possible types of teacher feedback were presented. The pupils’ task was to indicate which type of feedback they received (came across) most often, and what kind of feedback they would like to receive. The main aim of the research was to (1) check what kind of feedback predominated in the teacher-pupil communication, (2) obtain the data about possible divergences between the actual state and expected one in the process of communication between pupils and teachers.
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Maksymalizm moralny w percepcji młodzieży i seniorów

51%
PL
The moral maximalism in the perception of youth and seniors The study presented in the paper based on psychological and sociological research trends. They refer to interpersonal perception, formulation of interpersonal evaluations and positive deviation. The goal of the paper is a presenting of the moral maximalism as one of the indications of positive deviation.Presented research is particular stage in answering the questions: What is the place and role of the extreme positive phenomenon in the present world? What kind of psychological mechanisms explain the most typical social reactions to these phenomena? In the study 405 subject participated. They were divided into two groups (255 – students, age 15–19, and 150 old people, age 55–91). In the research there was used the list of 52 social behaviours constructed on the basis of Questionnaire of Ethics (Wojciszke, Baryła, 2002). The study extracted 15 behaviours from the evaluation list that fulfil the criterions of moral maximalism. The study also showed that there are differences between group of young and old people in the evaluation of analysed behaviours. Old people evaluated more positively behaviours representing moral maximalism. There are also differences in the evaluation of behaviours representing particular ethical codes: ethic of autonomy, ethic of dignity and ethic of common good. Ethic of autonomy was most positively evaluated.
EN
Positive and negative information related to pupils’ functioning given to parents by the teacher plays an essential role in the modification of the child behaviour. The study presents the results of the investigation on information given by teachers: their characteristics, content, and their influence on a child's education. Opinions were analyzed from two perspectives: teachers and parents. Elementary school teachers took part in the study (N = 29) as well as parents of children from this level of the education (N = 57). A new questionnaire, devised by the authors, was applied. Results show that both groups participating in the study find information significant for the education. Respondents said that information is formulated “often” and is “quite extensive” and the various aspects of child’s functioning is included. Moreover, information from teachers is not one-dimensional, but often combines praise and criticism.
PL
Informacje (pozytywne i negatywne) dotyczące funkcjonowania ucznia przekazywane rodzicom przez nauczyciela pełnią istotną rolę w modyfikacji zachowania dziecka. Praca przedstawia wyniki badania, którego celem było określenie czym charakteryzują się informacje przekazywane rodzicom przez nauczycieli, czego dotyczą, jak są przekazywane oraz jak oceniany jest ich wpływ na wychowanie. Opinie analizowano z dwóch perspektyw: nauczycieli i rodziców. W badaniu wzięli udział nauczyciele edukacji wczesnoszkolnej (N = 29) i rodzice dzieci z tego poziomu kształcenia (N = 57). Zastosowano kwestionariusz ankiety własnego autorstwa. Wyniki wskazują, że obie grupy respondentów uważają informacje od nauczycieli za znaczące dla wychowania, twierdzą że formułowane są one często i są dość wyczerpujące, obejmują różne aspekty funkcjonowania dziecka. Ponadto, informacje od nauczycieli nie mają jednostronnego charakteru, lecz najczęściej łączą ze sobą pochwały i uwagi krytyczne.
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