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ASIAN IMMIGRANTS IN AMERICA – FROM EXCLUSION TO INCLUSION. THE CHINESE AND FILIPINO STORY

100%
Bartnik A.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
|
2016
|
vol. 42
|
issue 1 (159)
25-43
EN
Asians have been arriving in the United States since the late decades of the nineteenth century. Their fate in the new land was as diverse as diverse were their origins, reasons for migration, and the process of acculturation in the US. In the 2000 United States Census data, researchers observed an interesting fact connected with the Asian migrant inflow. A report released in 2012 declared that the Asian population grew faster over the previous decade than any other race group. While Latinos still remained the most numerous ethnic population, their share in the immigration stream to the US has dropped. Suddenly, Asian immigrant groups became the focal point in discussions on the future character of immigrant America. Asian immigrants have come a long way and experienced prejudice, exploitation and persecutions. Their beginnings in the US were not easy. Racial stereotypes and prejudice brought the Chinese to closed doors of American gates. The policy of exclusion shaped Asian immigration to the United States for many years. Surprisingly, in spite of many obstacles created by enacted laws or the American society’s attitudes towards Asians, Chinese immigrants became valuable and awaited members of the US labor force. Professionals from China filled a gap in the labor market for professionals and this appeared to be an important step in creating a new profile of Asians in the United States. Philipino immigrants also were an important part of American labor force. Their experience, however, was completely different. Today, exclusion policy is history and Asians are gaining more and more attention as their share in the American reality increases. They are also becoming a more and more important and powerful actor in American politics.
PL
Azjaci przybywali do USA już od drugiej połowy XIX wieku. Ich los na amerykańskiej ziemi był różny, tak jak różne było ich pochodzenie, powody migracji, czy wreszcie proces akulturacji. Spis powszechny przeprowadzony w 2000 roku dostarczył interesujących danych związanych z napływem azjatyckich imigrantów do USA. Dodatkowo, według raportu opublikowanego w 2012 roku wynikało, że liczebność populacji azjatyckiej w pierwszej dekadzie XXI wieku rosła szybciej niż jakiejkolwiek innej grupy etnicznej. Wprawdzie Latynosi nadal pozostali najliczniejszą grupą imigrancką w USA, to jednak ich udział w strumieniu imigracyjnym dostrzegalnie zmalał. Nowy trend, który pojawił się w imigracji azjatyckiej do Stanów Zjednoczonych stał się istotnym punktem debat nad przyszłością imigranckiej Ameryki. Azjaci pokonali długą drogę, w czasie której doświadczyli uprzedzeń, wykorzystywania oraz prześladowań. Ich początki w USA nie były łatwe. Stereotypy rasowe na długi czas wykluczyły Chińczyków ze strumienia imigracyjnego i zamknęły możliwości przybycia do USA. Zaskakujące w tej sytuacji było, że wbrew uprzedzeniom żywionym przez amerykańskie społeczeństwo i pomimo ograniczającego imigrację azjatycką ustawodawstwa, Chińczycy stali się istotnym składnikiem amerykańskiej siły roboczej. Filipińczycy również wyraźnie zaznaczyli swą obecność na amerykańskim rynku pracy. Ich losy jednak zdecydowanie odbiegały od tego czego doświadczyli Chińczycy. Dzisiaj polityka wykluczenia przeszła do historii, a na imigrantów azjatyckich kieruje się uwagę proporcjonalną do ich rosnącego udziału w strumieniu imigracyjnym. Tym bardziej, że populacja azjatycka w USA staje się również coraz istotniejszym aktorem amerykańskiej sceny politycznej.
2
Content available remote

Hispanics in the American political theatre – leading or supporting actors?

100%
Bartnik A.
Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
|
2014
|
issue 6(32)
315-332
EN
This article presents the impact of Latinos’ on American politics. Hispanic community living in the United States has become an important part of its society. Numbers describing Latinos are impressive as well as alarming. Data released by the U.S. Census shows a constant growth of Spanish‑speaking population in the USA. Because of these numbers, questions asked about the political power of Hispanics seem legitimate. However, Latinos do not fully use their electoral power. Their voter turnout is, among other issues, the main reason of their limited political influence. On the other hand, Hispanic activists are trying to show members of different Latino subgroups that their future in America depends on their political participation. The following article discusses these issues and shows the long way that Latinos have to go to become a real political power in the United States.
3

The Bracero Program

100%
Bartnik A.
Ad Americam
|
2011
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vol. 12
23-32
EN
The Bracero Program is probably one of the most well-known temporary worker programs in the USA. Its idea developed when braceros were a kind of remedy for the lack of workers in the domestic market, till the time when they became a cheap and easy workforce. The program seemed to be useful and profitable for both Mexican and American partners. For many Mexicans it turned out to be an opportunity for a better life in the United States. However, the living and working conditions of those who decided to work as braceros were far from satisfying. This article discusses the history of the Bracero Program, shows who wanted to become a bracero and who employed them. It also focuses on the social context of the program.
4

The World Before Control: American Immigration Law and Policy During Colonial Times

100%
Bartnik A.
Ad Americam
|
2015
|
issue 16
7-15
EN
In debates on American immigration law, it is possible to encounter the argument that there were no laws restricting newcomers’ flow into America till the end of the 19th century. An inaccurate understanding of American immigration policy sometimes leads to the opinion that prior to the beginning of the federal immigration power, there was no immigration policy at all in America. This article describes regulations enacted by the colonies and the states, as well as activities taken by them, to control the influx of newcomers. They tried to encourage immigrants to come to America while simultaneously controlling who was coming. The idea of successful control over immigrants coming to the North American continent was rooted in restrictive laws determining who was admissible. Paupers, criminals and those with contagious diseases were undesirable. Colonial and state authorities tried to stop their influx or, at least, to lessen the danger they posed. The main goal of the presented article is to analyze and present arguments proving or neglecting the assumption that there was a lack of an immigration policy during colonial times in America.
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