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PL
Przedmiotem analiz w tym opracowaniu jest geneza i rozwój teorii współzależności społecznej, jej podstawowe założenia, przegląd wyników badań empirycznych w tym zakresie, a celem jest wykazanie możliwości zastosowania tej teorii w polskiej praktyce edukacyjnej, szczególnie w obszarze dydaktyki.
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The object of analyses in this study is the origin and development of social interdependence theory, its basic premises and the review of the results of empirical investigations in this area. The aim of the article is to indicate the possibility of applying this theory in the Polish educational practice, particularly in the area of the didactics.
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Krajewska Anna, Splątane światy literatury i filmu [The Entangled Worlds of Literature and Film]. „Przestrzenie Teorii” 32. Poznań 2019, Adam Mickiewicz University Press, pp. 7–12. ISSN 1644-6763. DOI 10.14746/pt.2019.32.0. In view of the relations between literature and film, the article contains suggestions for ways to use performative approaches, which preclude concepts of adaptation, in favour of processes defining actions involving the entanglement of the arts.
PL
The article is an interpretation of the poem “Płakała w nocy, ale nie jej płacz go zbudził” (“She cried at night, but not her cries woke him”) written by Stanisław Barańczak. The author focuses on description in this poem – dramatic in shape, philosophical, and according to the narrative of the anthropocentrism crisis. The author considers this poem to be a metaphysical text defining the relationship between the world of human and non-human reality. She compares the poem with those written by Jan Kochanowski (Laments), Cyprian Kamil Norwid (In Verona), Andrew Marvell (Eyes and tears), Szymborska (Apple tree).
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Ucieczka z poetyki

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Editorial dedicated to the memory of Stanisław Barańczak.
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Reminiscences of Professor Stanisław Jaworski, who often joked that books could be divided into those that are to be read immediately, ‘books for the desk’, and those that can wait, ‘books for the shelf’. Following the death of this eminent scholar and superb editor, the author places all Professor’s Jaworski’s books back on her desk...
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Z estetyką w tle

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This editorial discusses the functioning of aesthetics, which is shifting from an academic discipline to live discourse on the contemporary that forms our presence in the world and shapes the nature of art perception. Aesthetics is heading towards the field of post-disciplinary performance studies, allowing the creation of actions that blur the boundary between science and art in the humanities. From its function as guardian of the rules of decorum, aesthetics has become the creator of acts expressing reality in the categories of performance.
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Poznanie dramatyczne

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The author describes the problem of dramatic cognition against the background of the concept of the dramatic model of literary studies arising from this discipline's own uncertainty about its research procedures, changes occurring within the literary theory discourse and the mechanisms of the theory of cognition concerning the cognition of art and the world. The author discusses application of the category of drama in the modern theory of literature. She also emphasises the fact of unsovability and transgression connected with the theatrical executive instruction of the drama, making it possible to show the play between the reality and the fictionality of the world expressed in the toposes of "theatre-picture", "theatre-figure of the world" and the model of "theatre without the world". The author also adduces the epistemological metaphors of the lamp, the mirror, and the screen.
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Dramaturgia sztuki

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full Professor, PhD, head of the Unit for Literary Aesthetics at Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań. Editor-in-chief of the literary theory journal “Przestrzenie Teorii” and the Przestrzenie Teorii Library series. She deals with literary studies, especially the theory of drama, literary and performative aesthetics. Author of numerous works on the theory and aesthetics of contemporary drama, including: Komedia polska dwudziestolecia międzywojennego. Tradycjonaliści i nowatorzy [Polish Comedy of the Inter-war Period. Traditionalists and Innovators] (Wrocław 1989 – 1st ed., Poznań 2004 – 2nd ed.), Dramat i teatr absurdu w Polsce [Drama and the Theatre of the Absurd in Poland] (Poznań 1996), Dramat wspołczesny.Teoria i interpretacja [Contemporary Drama. Theory and Interpretation] (Poznań 2005), Dramatyczna teoria literatury [Dramatic Literary Theory] (Poznań 2009). She is currently writing Estetyka antybinarna [Anti-binary Aesthetics]. ORCID 0000–0001–5622–0852.
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In this Introduction, the author discusses the other articles contained in this volume and attempts to present the processess involved in art as stage preformance of both human and non-human actors. She not only examines the objects and persons but also aesthetic categories and the mechanisms involving categories in art. The author proposes a new language that allows for the description of art as a phenomenon of entangled objects, subjects, media, processes and events.
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Dramaturgia pojęć

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The article is an introduction to the dramaturgies in contemporary humanities and focuses on the problem of the dramaturgy of concepts. Using Olga Tokarczuk’s example of the “tender narrator” and Wisława Szymborska’s poem Night, it shows different ways of creating attitudes towards the disintegration of the vision of the world based on the topos of the Book.
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The aim of this article is to present long-term trends regarding taxation of consumption, labour and capital in European Union countries, with particular emphasis on the specific features of tax policy in Poland. Based on statistical data from the European Commission and the OECD for the 1995-2016 period and a review of the literature, an attempt was made to verify the following hypotheses: 1. In the face of a financial crisis, government revenues from taxes fell, and the main burden of mitigating the budget deficit rested with consumption taxes. 2. Despite numerous changes in the taxation of labour in the European Union, the share of personal income tax and social security contributions in budget revenues was at a similar level. 3. Tax competition initiated by new EU members and the need to stimulate an economic recovery after the crisis meant that economic operators were less involved in supplying budget revenues from taxes. 4. Tax policy in Poland differs significantly from those in Western European countries and shows many features typical of countries with a “southern” tax approach. The analysis confirmed the hypotheses, at least partially. At the same time, it indicates that the tax systems of European Union countries are diverse. Therefore, the conclusions must be carefully formulated. This particularly applies to taxpayers referred to as self-employed because they constitute a heterogeneous category. According to Eurostat statistics, their income is treated as capital income, while in Poland a significant part of this can be treated as income from work.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie długookresowych trendów dotyczących opodatkowania konsumpcji, pracy i kapitału w krajach Unii Europejskiej, ze szczególnym zwróceniem uwagi na specyfikę polityki podatkowej w Polsce. W oparciu o dane statystyczne Komisji Europejskiej i OECD za lata 1995-2016 oraz przegląd literatury została podjęta próba weryfikacji następujących hipotez: 1. W obliczu kryzysu finansowego spadały dochody budżetowe z podatków, a główny ciężar łagodzenia deficytu budżetowego spoczywał na podatkach konsumpcyjnych. 2. Mimo licznych zmian dotyczących opodatkowania pracy w krajach Unii Europejskiej (podatku dochodowego od osób fizycznych i składek ubezpieczeniowych) ich udział w dochodach budżetowych kształtował się na zbliżonym poziomie. 3. Konkurencja podatkowa zapoczątkowana przez nowych członków UE oraz potrzeba stymulowania wychodzenia gospodarki z kryzysu sprawiła, że podmioty gospodarcze w relatywnie niższym stopniu uczestniczyły w zasilaniu dochodów budżetowych z podatków. 4. Polityka podatkowa w Polsce odbiega wyraźnie od prowadzonej w krajach Europy Zachodniej i wykazuje wiele cech typowych dla krajów o „południowej” mentalności podatkowej. Przeprowadzona analiza upoważnia do, przynajmniej częściowego, potwierdzenia przyjętych hipotez. Równocześnie wskazuje na to, że systemy podatkowe krajów Unii Europejskiej są mocno zróżnicowane. Skłania to do ostrożnego formułowania wniosków. Dotyczy to zwłaszcza podatników określanych jako samozatrudnieni, gdyż stanowią oni bardzo niejednoznaczną kategorię. Według statystyki Eurostatu ich dochody traktowane są jako dochody kapitałowe, a w Polsce znaczną ich część można raczej traktować jako dochody z pracy.
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Dramatografia

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The article presents the concept of dramatography as being created by “writing drama”. The author treats drama as a fluid concept, historically variable, non-binary compared to theatre, establishing performative relations interwoven with other arts. Dramatography is a response to limitations resulting from the use of the concepts of adaptation, interpretation and intersemiotic translation in the former binary system in drama and theatre. Referring to Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht’s concept of “producing presence”, the author shows the role of manifesting oneself as a counterweight to meaning in the process through which dramatography emerges.
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This article presents performance studies as a proposal that would follow the era of disciplinarity. The author proposes to view the phenomenon from the perspective of the changes and transformations from the aesthetics of reception to performance studies, and introduces the category of the literary interlocking to define the performative functioning of text. The author then proceeds to interpret the relationships between the “dramatic turn” that has reoriented and restructured modern thought on reality and art, and the notions of anti-binarity and performativeness. Finally, the author makes an argument that the performative turn has profoundly and significantly transformed the humanities in its entirety. The performative breakthrough has ideological nature that is related to the foundations of understanding the substance of dramaticality.
EN
The article examines the scope of income disparities in Poland during the country’s transition from central planning to a market economy, in comparison with other European Union economies. The author also discusses the multiple determinants of the level of income inequalities and the economic effects of this diversification. To achieve this goal, the author uses statistics from Poland’s Central Statistical Office (GUS) and the EU statistics office, Eurostat. Krajewska also uses the results of Polish empirical studies on income diversification. Wherever data is available, problems related to Poland are analyzed in comparison with statistical data for other EU economies. The market reforms in Poland have led to an increase in income disparities measured with the Gini coefficient, the poverty rate, and the at-risk-of-poverty rate, the author notes. As the country’s socioeconomic system changed, remuneration, employment and tax policies contributed to the growth of income inequalities. Other factors contributing to the increase in income inequalities included a weakening in the redistributive functions of public spending and corporate social services. Further reasons for the deepening of inequalities can be looked for in the way in which state-owned enterprises have been privatized and in the expansion of the shadow economy and corruption. The article ends with a conclusion that Poland’s membership of the European Union and the current crisis should encourage decision makers to adjust economic and social policies and take prompt action to reduce income inequalities in the country.
PL
Celem artykułu jest: pokazanie skali zróżnicowania dochodów w Polsce w okresie transformacji oraz na tle innych krajów Unii Europejskiej oraz przedstawienie wielorakich uwarunkowań wpływających na poziom zróżnicowania dochodów i ekonomicznych skutków zróżnicowania. Do realizacji tego celu zostały wykorzystane dane statystyczne GUS i Eurostatu oraz wyniki badań empirycznych prowadzonych w Polsce dotyczących zróżnicowania dochodów. W miarę dostępności danych problemy dotyczące Polski analizowane są na tle danych statystycznych dotyczących krajów Unii Europejskiej. Jedną z konsekwencji zmian systemowych w Polsce jest wzrost zróżnicowania dochodów mierzonych współczynnikiem Giniego, stopą ubóstwa oraz stopą zagrożenia ubóstwem.Poza zmianą systemu społeczno-gospodarczego w znacznym stopniu na wzrost zróżnicowania dochodów wpłynęła prowadzona w Polsce polityka gospodarcza w zakresie wynagrodzeń, rynku pracy i podatków. Na wzrost zróżnicowania dochodów wpłynęło też osłabienie redystrybucyjnej funkcji wydatków publicznych i świadczeń socjalnych przedsiębiorstw. Kolejnych przyczyn pogłębienia się nierówności można upatrywać w sposobie przeprowadzania prywatyzacji przedsiębiorstw państwowych oraz rozszerzaniu się zakresu szarej strefy i korupcji. Artykuł kończy się konkluzją, iż zarówno członkostwo Polski w Unii Europejskiej, jak i obecny kryzys, powinny przyczynić się do skorygowania prowadzonej w Polsce polityki gospodarczej i społecznej oraz skłonić do podejmowania działań zmierzających do zmniejszenia zróżnicowania dochodów w Polsce.
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Moral standards are arranged in a kind of whole which forms the scale of values. They set in order the environment, provide direction of actions and place a man in the surrounding world, which was also created by him. Selection of moral norms must be carried out according to certain principles which form a logical entirety. Only then, involving in social life becomes a foundation for creation of the unit. The person building the self-image of reality with simultaneous lack of support from their parents, state institutions, public life, spiritual or intellectual authorities, generally is unable to distinguish good things from bad things, the rules that should be followed from the rules that should be avoided. A confused young man is trying to save himself by building a “private ethics” in which his own environment easily helps him, providing a number of models of ethical individualism. However, according to immutable values only education can shape the young characters that will be able to remedy for all the signaled difficulties in distinguishing good from evil, and establishing a solid foundation that will help them build their own future.
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Z antykiem w tle…

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An introduction to this year`s issue of “Przestrzenie Teorii” reflecting on the possibilities offered by anamorphic reception. The proposed reading category shows how we can influence the past in our individual reading acts.
PL
An introduction to this year`s issue of “Przestrzenie Teorii” reflecting on the possibilities offered byanamorphic reception. The proposed reading category shows how we can influence the past in our individual reading acts.
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W milczeniu

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This is a memoir of Professor Kazimierz Bartoszyński. The theme of this essay is silence – literary silence, which is the result of convention, anecdotal silence, which prompts scholarly meetings and friendships, and metaphysical silence, which is connected with death.
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A text dedicated to the memory of Professor Sylwester Dworacki, a member of the Editorial Committee of the journal „Przestrzenie Teorii” [Spaces in Theory].
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Jednostkowość

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This text is devoted to the singularity and theatricalization of the humanities.
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Przestrzenie performatywne

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This sketch presents the role of performative space in social life and art. It is perceived as an area of freedom, eradicating binary divisions.
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