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1
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Współpraca parlamentów regionalnych w obszarze południowego Bałtyku

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Tomczyk R.
Przegląd Zachodniopomorski
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2011
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issue 1
125-138
DE
Die Entwicklung des südlichen Ostseeraumes wurde durch die Gestaltung der Festlandgrenzen, variable Machtzentren und schließlich durch die räumliche Vielfalt bestimmt. Die während der Umwandlung vom Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts gebildete Struktur der räumlichen Verflechtungen in Bezug auf den administrativen und politischen, wirtschaftlichen und kulturellen Bereich wurde seit 2004 infolge des EU-Beitritts der Länder aus den östlichen Gebieten des Ostseeraumes vertieft. Heute entwickeln die Regionen an der Südküste der Ostsee eine internationale Zusammenarbeit, die auf internen Regelungen und den EU-Rechtsvorschriften basiert. Die regionalen Parlamente sehen die internationale Zusammenarbeit als ein Element der integralen Entwicklung innerhalb der EU-Kohäsionspolitik an. Die Europäische Kommission hat im Jahr 2009 eine Stra tegie für den Ostseeraum vorgestellt. Zu den strategischen Zielen der Europäischen Union gehören in diesem Bereich der Seeverkehr und die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung des Küstenstreifens. Die Schwerpunkte sind die Entwicklung des Schiffbaus, der Meeresbiotechnologie, die Erhaltung von Ökosystemen und dem Kulturerbe. Aktiv in diesem Bereich ist das Parlamentsforum Südliche Ostsee. Diese Zusammenarbeit wurde von der Europäischen Kommission wahrgenommen und als Modellprojekt anerkannt.
2
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Pomiędzy bimetalizmem a monometalizmem. Ekonomiczno-prawne aspekty systemu monetarnego Rzeszy Niemieckiej w drugiej połowie XIX wieku

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Tomczyk R.
Przegląd Zachodniopomorski
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2015
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issue 1
77-90
EN
When Germany was unified in 1871 a very important question that should be solved was how to introduce a unified monetary system. Between 1871 and 1875 the German authorities carried out a monetary reform and created the Bank of the Reich. The German law regulating the functioning of the monetary system that was then introduced was in force until the outbreak of the First World War. The mark was based on the gold standard. The period of the gold standard in the history of the German State was characterised by a strong position of the mark, which had its disadvantages, too, especially during the periods of low economic prosperity. Since the mid-1870s till the mid-1890s a discussion took place in Germany and in some other countries, it was a discussion between bimetallists and monometallists; yet, the discussion did not contribute to any serious change in the monetary policy. The attempts to accept the silver and gold standard in the international arena failed to bring an expected result as well. The gold standard was in force at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in most countries with strong economies. A partly reformed gold standard in monetary systems was kept also in the period between the two world wars.
3
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Z dziejów ukraińskiego ruchu paramilitarnego w Galicji. Towarzystwo Gimnastyczne i Straży Ogniowej „Sicz”

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Tomczyk R.
Przegląd Zachodniopomorski
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2009
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issue 4
129-164
4
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Determinanty współpracy zagranicznej samorządu województwa zachodniopomorskiego na początku drugiej dekady XXI wieku

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Tomczyk R.
Przegląd Zachodniopomorski
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2010
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issue 3
101-122
5

Zwyczaje pogrzebowe i usługi pogrzebowe polskiego Lwowa na przełomie XIX i XX w.

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Tomczyk R.
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
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2017
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issue 4 (15)
71-87
EN
In the late 19th century, the larger cities in Galicia including the capital city of Lvov followed the example of large centres in the Habsburg empire where private, licensed funeral parlours were established, rendering comprehensive funerary services. In the first decade of the 19th century, the Lvov authorities decided to affect the prices of funerary services. One of the reasons was intention to offer standard funerary services to the city’s poor inhabitants. The magistrate’s goal was to have its own communal funeral parlour which would also handle funerals of the city’s less affluent inhabitants. In 1909, the “Concordia” Municipal Funeral Parlour started operations. In the Polish community in Lvov, the burial ritual was directly related to the Catholic tradition. In the last two decades of the 19th century, an obituary published in the press made its way to the burial ritual in Lvov in the form still used today i.e. information about the death and the date of the funeral, sometimes also about a memorial service, graphically marked with a thick black border with a cross. The funerary ritual which emerged at that time remained largely unchanged in the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939). The situation changed after WWII when Lvov was under the Soviet and Ukrainianrule. While in this difficult time the Catholic church was persecuted, Poles living in Lvov made an effort to invite a priest to funerals of their next of kin.
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Prawo pracownicze w dobie industrializacji w monarchii habsburskiej

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Tomczyk R.
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
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2016
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issue 1(10)
167-187
EN
The booming industry was one of the basic factors of the modernisation in nineteenth century. Technological innovativeness was a driving force in the development of the liberal economy, especially in metalworking industry, textiles and mining. The industry substantially infl uenced the development of the cities, where the industrial plants were established. This period saw an increase in the population of the cities due to contract work, which enabled people to earn their living. The industrial revolution changed the structure of the employment in the economy of England, France, Belgium and other countries of Western Europe. Besides economic sphere, it infl uenced social circumstances, the politics and culture. In Austria, this process was less impetuous. The Habsburg Monarchy was the country where the industrialisation processes did not happen on a large scale or cause major transfi gurations in economic relations. Until the end of the multinational monarchy, the Austrian economy preserved the agrarian character, although the modernisation of the economic structures was developing in nineteenth century.
7

Dyskusja nad reformą administracji publicznej w Austrii na początku XX wieku

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Tomczyk R.
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
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2014
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issue 1(6)
119-134
EN
A linchpin of government next to the army and the judiciary, the public (political) administration was of special signifi cance in the multinational Habsburg monarchy throughout the constitutional period. It stimulated changes and paved the way towards progress and modernisation of the Danubian monarchy, and yet since the beginning its activity was severely criticised and accused of numerous fl aws. In order to reform the administration and remedy its shortcomings, a number of projects were conceived by both the authorities and the parliamentary-governmental environment or academia. The administration’s greater involvement in solving problems of social and economic life was called for and the need to remove the conflictsof jurisdiction between its various branches and to sort out the relations between the organs of the state and local self-government was postulated. One of the most interesting projects of the administrative reform was prepared at the beginning of the twentieth century by the government of Ernst Kroeber. It consisted, inter alia, in strengthening the government power in the area. Although the proposed changes were not implemented, the reform of the administration was re-set on the agenda before the outbreak of World War I in 1911 with the establishment of a special Administrative Reform Commission, its work only partially successful. The outbreak of World War I necessitated the suspension of further work on the reform.
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Ostatnie centralne urzędy monarchii habsburskiej

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Tomczyk R.
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
|
2013
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issue 1(4)
72-88
9
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Zagrożenia epidemiologiczne na terenie austriackiej części monarchii habsburskiej w XIX w. (do 1914 r.). Aspekty prawne i administracyjne

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Tomczyk R.
Galicja. Studia i materiały
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2015
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issue 1
99-113
EN
In the internal policy of the Habsburg monarchy in the 19th century security in public health protection was an important issue. Improvement of the health state of society, of medical services, sanitary and veterinary conditions and building an efficient system of eliminating epidemics on the state territory were being aimed at. High death rated in the society required extraordinary measures. Central authorities introduced legal procedures valid during epidemiological threats in the country. After the introduction of the constitutional system in 1867 in the Habsburg monarchy one of the responsibilities of the local administration was the supervision over implementing and obeying regulations concerning epidemiological problems. Local authorities were building sanitary infrastructure diminishing epidemiological dangers. A great problem was veterinary supervision, actions were taken to limit diseases among domestic animals by means of introducing legal norms. Also control on farms increased. During epidemics abroad Austrian authorities controlled imported goods. It should be emphasized that until the outbreak of World War I on the territory of the Habsburg monarchy epidemics of contagious diseases often happened, especially in the rural areas where high death rates among people remained. The outbreak of war in 1914 caused that the epidemiological dangers increased.
PL
W polityce wewnętrznej monarchii habsburskiej w XIX w. ważną sprawą było bezpieczeństwo w zakresie ochrony zdrowia publicznego. Dążono do poprawy stanu zdrowotnego społeczeństwa, podwyższenia poziomu usług medycznych, polepszenia warunków sanitarnych i weterynaryjnych oraz budowy skutecznego systemu likwidacji epidemii na terenie państwa. Wysoka śmiertelność ludności wymagała działań nadzwyczajnych. Władze centralne przygotowały procedury prawne, które obowiązywały podczas zagrożeń epidemiologicznych na terenie państwa. Po wprowadzeniu ustroju konstytucyjnego w 1867 r. w monarchii habsburskiej do ustawowych zadań administracji terenowej należał nadzór nad wdrażaniem i przestrzeganiem przepisów w zakresie problematyki epidemiologicznej. Władze samorządowe budowały infrastrukturę sanitarną, zmniejszając zagrożenia epidemiologiczne. Dużym problemem był nadzór weterynaryjny, dążono do ograniczenia chorób wśród zwierząt hodowlanych poprzez wprowadzanie norm prawnych, zwiększano kontrolę w gospodarstwach rolnych. W czasie epidemii poza granicami władze austriackie poddawały kontroli importowane towary. Należy podkreślić, że do wybuchu I wojny światowej na terenie monarchii habsburskiej często dochodziło do epidemii chorób zakaźnych, szczególnie na terenach wiejskich, gdzie utrzymywała się wysoka śmiertelność ludności. Wybuch wojny w 1914 r. spowodował, że zagrożenia epidemiologiczne wzrosły.
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