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Language and mentality of the Lithuanian nobility on the basis of private correspondence from the second half of the 19th century (the example of Sawicki family).

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Sawaniewska-Mochowa Z., Zielinska A.
Acta Baltico-Slavica
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2007
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vol. 31
235-265
EN
In the article we analyze two constitutive elements of the nobility culture: mentality (social norms, moral values, customs) and language. Private correspondence of the Sawicki family forms the basis for our linguistic-cultural research. Choice of that family is not accidental, because the family members come from moderately rich Lithuanian nobility from Kiejdany/Kedainiai. It is representative for ways of thinking and communication that was characteristic of the nineteenth century nobility from the Kowno (Kaunas) province of the Russian Empire. First part of the article takes on the material character, contains extensive fragments of letters that provide documentations for family members occupations, their economic and health problems, questions of education and self-teaching and basic aspects of mentality: obeying rules of politeness, respect for parents and the elders, admiration for children, religiousness, mistrust towards strangers. In second part of the article there is a review of representative linguistic features that have got, in our opinion, sociolectal character. Among these phenomena we put processes from the borderline between spelling and pronunciation (especially instability of diacritics, misidentification of consonants in three 'kinds' of the Polish 'z', phonetics and inflection (neutralisation of feminine endings in the singular verb forms of 1st and 2nd person in simple past tense -am > -em, -as > es) and lexical facts ( presence of borrowings from Latin and French, regional and dialectal forms, numerous prefixed verbs, archaisms, individualisms, not numerous Russian lexical influences connected with administration and military affairs).
2
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Ways of Expressing Politeness in the Lithuanian Nobility Correspondence (19th -20th C..)

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Sawaniewska-Mochowa Z., Zielinska A.
Acta Baltico-Slavica
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2006
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vol. 30
199-220
EN
A letter as a linguistic statement, quite strongly conventionalized by means of its assignment to patterns and norms of social behaviour, is a valuable source helping in a description of linguistic etiquette in such a culturally divergent region of Europe as the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (today Lithuania and Belarus). Although now there is no such a formally distinguished social class as ‘traditional nobility', in fact in the mentioned region still exists the group of people that identifies with the nobility culture. The paper deals with polite phrases used in the correspondence of the Lithuanian nobility in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, especially with addressing expressions applied in inscriptions (addresses), salutations (welcoming) and subscriptions (conclusion, signature). We were interested mainly in two basic questions: (1) vitality of Old Polish politeness patterns and titles in researched letters (conservative elements in polite phrases); (2) evolution of politeness models that were shaped in the noble communities (innovative forms in polite phrases). Analyzed letters (133 texts and 55 addresses on the envelopes) were classified according to two criteria: relation sender-recipient and message's content. We divided our material into two basic groups: private letters and official letters. In each of these groups letters are distinguished, paying attention to the relation sender-recipient, on the basis of character of partners: equal or unequal (because of diversity in terms of age, holding public office, social position and attractiveness, wealth). Considering communicative function, letters are divided into relating (sender presents recipient a story about different events) and illocutive (sender wants to reach intended aim). In fact, a lot of letters had mixed character (relations and information are accompanied by requests and thanks).Analysis of polite phrases in different types of letters proves that relation sender-recipient and letter's content can wield big influence on the choice of adequate linguistic forms expressing politeness.
3
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The gentry of the Laudanian region, its Polish language today and in the past

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Sawaniewska-Mochowa Z., Zielinska A.
Acta Baltico-Slavica
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2005
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vol. 29
69-85
EN
The subject of the research is the Lithuanian region on the Lauda/Liaude river, that was inhabited before the Second World War mostly by the members of the yeomanry with Polish national identity. The densest yeomanry communities were situated in the area between Pacunele/Pociuneliai, Wodokty/Vadaktai and Krakinów/Krekenava. In spite of social disintegration processes, Lauda/Liaude still remains a sort of 'laboratory' for the researchers who are interested in ethnic-historical issues and who describe regional variants of the Polish language used by the yeomanry. The specific features of the region are documented by various sources, archival materials, historical theories concerning the origin of the Lauda/Liaude yeomanry, as well as by the onomastic data. The research on language of the social group is connected with the wider topic of the yeomanry cultural heritage which is preserved in the mentality and everyday life of the Northeastern Borderland yeomanry descendants. The description of the yeomanry culture in its contemporary functioning is the key to achieve the understanding of the social distinction of the Lauda/Liaude region, stereotypes that prevail there, ways of behaviour and linguistic choices of its inhabitants.The field research, that was made in the Lauda/Liaude region in 1999, has become the basis for the description, in which we broadly used the method of the biographical interview that was applied earlier in sociology and ethnology. We collected oral testimonies from 21 informants in the form of records. We also used written sources such as memoirs, letters, folklore collections and informants' own works, i.e. the materials that we managed to find in the family archives of the Lauda/Liaude yeomanry descendants.
4
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Books about the Polish language of Vilnius and Vilnius Region written by the Vilnius residents

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Grek-Pabis I., Zielinska A.
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej
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2004
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vol. 39
261-265
EN
This article presents three books written by the teachers of Polish/Polish scholars from Vilnius (Lithuania) to the Polish language of Vilnius and Vilnius Region: by Irena Masojc entitled 'Regionalne cechy systemu gramatycznego wspólczesnej polszczyzny kulturalnej na Wilenszczyznie' (Regional Features of the Grammatical System of the Cultural Modern Polish Language in the Vilnius Region); by Kinga Geben entitled 'Swiadomosc i kompetencja jezykowa a warstwy leksykalne w idiolektach mlodziezy polskiego pochodzenia na Wilenszczyznie' (Awareness and Linguistic Abilities and the Lexical Layers in Idiolects Spoken by the Young People of the Polish Origin in the Vilnius Region); and by Miroslaw Dawlewicz entitled 'Slownictwo socjolektu mlodziezy polskiego pochodzenia w Wilnie' (The Vocabulary of the Sociolect of the Young People of the Polish Origin in Vilnius). Irena Masojc's work presents the language spoken by the intelligentsia - the regional variant of the cultural Polish language while the two other works present the language spoken by the Polish young people and the students of universities and colleges. To a great extent the authors owe the successful interpretation of the collected material to their own personal linguistic experience and observations, because they describe the language of their own environment.
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