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COAL MINING IN CENTRAL-EAST EUROPE IN PERSPECTIVE OF INDUSTRIAL RISK

100%
Jonek-Kowalska I.
Oeconomia Copernicana
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2017
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vol. 8
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issue 1
131-142
EN
Research background: Due to increasing economic and sector risk coal mining in Europe is treated as a declining industry. In post-transition economies such approach is a threat for energy security and local and regional economic development. Nowadays, coal mining survival in Central-East Europe is additionally threatened by accumulative global risk factors, especially by price differentiation and shale gas revolution in United States of America. Revealed circumstances require deepen research and diagnosis in the area of risk and corporate management in mining enterprises in Central-East Europe. Purpose of the article: The main aim of the article is to assess industrial risk in coal mining in Central-East Europe. The research is divided into three parts. In the first one the situation of coal mining in Central-East Europe is characterized. It is the basis for selection of the countries for the detailed analysis. In the second part the industrial risk factors are assessed and described. Finally, in the third part their influence on financial results in the examined mining enterprises is evaluated. In the summary the international comparison is made and general assumptions for risk and corporate management are formulated. Methods: In the article a risk checklist is used to identify the economic and industrial risk factors. To determine their influence on financial results on the first stage of research Pear-son’s coefficients are used. Than regression functions are developed. The data are collected on the basis of public statistics and financial statements of the examined mining enterprises. Findings & Value added: On the basis of research results it may be stated that there are only a few countries in Europe in which mining enterprises still operate as separate economic units and all of them have experienced serious financial troubles in the last years. Risk intensification contributed mostly to revenues reduction and negative financial results.
2
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Exposure of Polish enterprises to risk within business cycle

100%
Jonek-Kowalska I.
Managerial Economics
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2018
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vol. 19
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issue 2
187-203
XX
In economies with relatively short free-market traditions, enterprises are highly exposed to general economic risk, including fluctuations in the business cycle, which may result in the limitation of their development opportunities and discourage them from undertaking business activity. Having regard to the aforementioned circumstances, the main goal of this article is to assess the exposure of Polish enterprises to the risk related to changes in the economic situa-tion. To achieve the goal set in such a manner, the first part of the article covers the grounds for the undertaken research along with an overview of the literature concerning the presented issues. In the second part of the article, the results of the risk assessment and the relationships of its level to the course of the business cycle in Poland during the years of 2000 to 2015 are shown. In the process of risk measurement, the statistical measures of variability and dynamics indices regarding the financial results of Polish enterprises are used. Whereas, in the course of determining the changes in the business cycle, the author makes use of the changes in the level of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
3
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Finansowanie podmiotów ekonomii społecznej a rozwój przedsiębiorczości społecznej w Polsce. Wnioski sprzed kryzysu wywołanego przez COVID-19 i refleksje pokryzysowe

100%
Jonek-Kowalska I.
Ekonomia Społeczna
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2020
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issue 2 - Przedsiębiorczość społeczna w czasie kryzysu
78-91
PL
Rozwój przedsiębiorczości społecznej wiąże się z wieloma barierami o zróżnicowanym charakterze. Jedną z najpoważniejszych jest brak środków finansowych, co staje się szczególnie odczuwalne i dokuczliwe w okresie kryzysu gospodarczego. Mając na uwadze powyższe okoliczności, głównym celem prowadzonych rozważań i badań jest analiza źródeł finansowania podmiotów ekonomii społecznej w Polsce z perspektywy historycznej i prognostycznej (w kontekście kryzysu gospodarczego wywołanego pandemią COVID-19) oraz ocena możliwości rozwojowych tych podmiotów w fazie pokryzysowej. Do zrealizowania tak postawionego celu w artykule wykorzystano analizę statystyczną danych na temat źródeł finansowania podmiotów ekonomii społecznej w Polsce. Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika, że w ujęciu historycznym przedsiębiorczość społeczna w Polsce rozwijała się systematyczne, aczkolwiek wolno. Świadczy o tym rosnąca liczba podmiotów działających w sferze ekonomii społecznej, w tym przede wszystkim stowarzyszeń i fundacji. Rozwój ten jest jednak aktualnie zagrożony z uwagi na zmniejszenie dochodów w sferze publicznej stanowiących główne źródło utrzymania badanych organizacji. Problemem w najbliższej przyszłości może być także pozyskiwanie składek członkowskich będących uzupełniającym źródłem finansowania przedsiębiorczości społecznej.
EN
The development of social entrepreneurship is associated with many barriers of various nature. One of the most serious is the lack of financial resources, which becomes particularly acute and troublesome in times of economic crisis. Considering the above circumstances, the main goal of the considerations and research conducted in this article is to identify the directions of development of social economy entities in Poland and to analyze the sources of financing their activities from a historical and forecasting perspective (in the context of the economic crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic). In order to achieve this goal, the article uses a statistical analysis of data on the sources of financing of social economy entities in Poland. The conducted analyzes show that, historically, social entrepreneurship in Poland was systematically, but slowly, developing. This is evidenced by the growing number of entities operating in the field of the social economy, including primarily associations and foundations. However, this development is currently threatened due to the reduction of revenues in the public sphere, which are the main source of income for the surveyed organizations. In the near future the problem may also be obtaining membership fees which are a supplementary source of financing for social entrepreneurship.
4
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Strategies of Internalization in the Industry of Mining Ma-chines and Appliances

100%
Jonek-Kowalska I.
Oeconomia Copernicana
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 2
75-100
EN
Currently, the industry of mining machines and appliances in Poland, as a result of considerable economic improvement on the market of energetic resources, gains an incredible opportunity for further development. However, its use is dependent on the intensification of activity internationalization. Polish sales market, due to hard coal mining decrease and financial problems of mining enter-prises, does not guarantee sales increase.Therefore, the basic objective of this article is to assess the currently used internationalization strategies of Polish enterprises performing in the industry of mining machines and appliances. In the article, in the theoretical part literature studies concerning enterprises internationalization are used. Next, the characteristics of the industry of mining machines and appliances in Poland are presented, ending with a SWOT analysis. In the part devoted to a strategy of internationalization, the results of a question-naire research conducted in the group of producers of mining machines and appliances in the 2012 were used. According the research results, Polish enterprises from the industry of mining machines and appliances in the internationalization of their activity use the sim-plest strategies that do not require engagement of capital on foreign markets. Some examined enterprises have been functioning on popular markets, offering the same products. Other ones conquer new markets and/or modify the products in order to adjust them to geological-mining requirements of target markets. Diversification strategy is not used because of high risk. The examined enterprises are not able to use dumping, due to global competitors and Chinese producers. It is not profitable to use direct investments either in exploration and penetration. The reason is mostly a lack of recognition of markets remote geographically and culturally, as well as low domestic production cost which cause that Polish producers choose a focus strategy instead of a diversification strategy.
5
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State Aid and Competitiveness of the Hard Coal Mining Industry in the European Union

100%
Jonek-Kowalska I.
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
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2015
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vol. 10
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issue 1
69-87
EN
The hard coal mining industry in the European Union (EU) is in decline, mostly due to a lack of price competitiveness. It is maintained, to a great extent, by state aid; the key objective of the industry’s existence is to provide energy security and guarantee employment in the mining regions. In Poland, the hard coal mining industry is currently undergoing a serious crisis that threatens the two largest mining enterprises with bankruptcy. In addition, due to the European Union’s restrictions concerning the circumstances of granting state aid, these enterprises cannot count on the financial support for the repair restructuring that they used on a large scale until 2011. Therefore, in this article, the main objective is to determine the influence of state aid on the competitiveness of the hard coal mining industry in 12 countries of the EU, including Poland in specific. In order to achieve the stated objective, the article is divided into three parts. The first part consists of a literature review, and legal regulations that are related to state aid for the hard coal mining industry in the EU are presented. The second part identifies the amount of state aid for the mining industry in the examined countries. Next, the economic effects of state aid for hard coal mining in the European Union are examined. The third assesses the financial results of 24 Polish hard coal mines.
6

CHANGE ON REGIONAL LABOR MARKETS IN POLAND IN THE YEARS 2006-2009 (Zmiany na regionalnych rynkach pracy w Polsce w latach 2006-2009)

63%
Zielinski M., Jonek-Kowalska I.
Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i prognozy
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2011
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issue 4(26)
15-21
EN
The article concerns changes taking place in the regional labor market in Poland under the influence of the economic crisis. Statistical analysis is based on data published by GUS and includes: employment and unemployment change levels in years 2006-2009 in Poland, and the sector level and the structure of employment in regional labor markets. On the basis of statistical data regarding employment, the regions were determined which were distinguished positively in view of the whole country, in terms of processes advancement of employment structure changes in the direction specific for the post-industrial period. This confirms the thesis that more developed and diversified regions, according to economic base, cope better in the conditions of an economic crisis. In consequence, this leads to situation deterioration of differentiation in regional labor markets.
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