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EN
The article demonstrates the manner in which by viewing a city as a cultural text one may discover within it, as in the case of a palimpsest, certain concealed and convoluted contents which exist “now” and had been created “in the past”. The author reconstructed the palimpsest demeanour of industrial Łódź by telling the story of a town whose industrial character was determined already prior to the delineation of lots intended for the construction of the first houses, while the course of history and human decisions altered, and frequently destroyed the specificity of the town, cultivated for more than a century. In this fashion the author proved that the town is composed not only of its material elements but that it consists of numerous mutually penetrating strata of cultural signs, both material and “spiritual” (symbols, events, human ideas, dreams and activity), raised by successive generations. Many of those which “once” created industrial Łódź, such as: factories or a joint community of past experiences and memory, continue to function up to this day among assorted strata (visible and invisible) and various milieus. The provision of professional care for the decaying Łódź factories (i.e. the erection within the factory walls of culture centres under the supervision a conservator) would make it feasible not only to reconstruct the industrial reality of the town and to create within the space of the industrial building a new stratum of meanings, but also to reinforce the bonds between the inhabitants with the town and vicinity.
EN
This text concerns the Bronisława Kopczyńska-Jaworska Ethnographic Archive in Łódź. In presenting the archive’s organization and contents the author concentrates on describing its collections of photographs from Kazimiera Zawistowicz-Adamska’s research and from a competition for workers’ photographs. In addition, she presents material from three long-term projects: on livestock shepherding and breeding in the Carpathians; changes in folk culture under the influence of industrialization; and the culture of the industrial textile workers of Łódź. Using these examples, she depicts the enormous value of the archival documents for today’s researchers.
EN
Wschodnia Street in Łódź, once a bustling shopping street, is now associated with poverty and pathologies. In this article the author analyzes the performance project by Agnieszka Ziemiszewska-“Invisible Wschodnia”, which is aimed at its inhabitants. Scheduled as an intervention action and social event, it showed other faces, stories, and looks of the notorious street. The artist’s actions drew the residents’ attention to the traces of the past and uncovered invisible aspects of everyday life. The project made the residents aware that they are active actors creating and transforming the city’s space.
4
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On the Appetite Trail

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PL
The article recounts actions oriented at experiencing and reliving culinary traditions, undertaken by the Local Action Group of the “Mroga” Society for the Local Community Development. The Society operates in five communes: Koluszki, Brzeziny, Dmosin, Jeżów and Rogów, located in the north-eastern part of the current Łódź voivodeship, east of the city of Łódź. In the past, this area, which bordered regions whose characteristic features indicated their distinct regional identities (the Łęczyca Land and the Łowicz Principality from the north, the Rawa Land from the east, the Opoczno and Piotrków Lands from the south, and Łódź from the west), was devoid of definite features typical to folk culture. Currently it is still an area which, due to the absence of a consistent and enduring cultural foundation to refer to, cannot be described in the categories of an ethnographic or geographic region. By following the tourist trail laid by the Society, known as the “Appetite Trail”, I reconstruct the vision of what the community resident in the five communes covered by the activity of the “Mroga” Local Action Group defines as the region’s culinary tradition, and I deconstruct the Group’s actions that reduce the tradition to the level of a tourist attraction.
Lud
|
2012
|
vol. 96
157-177
EN
Referring to the concept of lieux de mémoire, developed by a French historian Pierre Nora, the author writes about practices commemorating the past and describes spaces subordinated to the function of commemoration. The area of her interests covers celebrations commemorating the events in Łódź on 29 August 1944. On that day, in Łódź (at that time – Litzmannstadt), the last transport of the Litzmannstadt Ghetto Jews left the Radegast Station for Auschwitz-Birkenau. Initially, the Radegast Station provided only cargo transport services for the ghetto, then it became a location from which Jews were transported to work outside the ghetto, and to which Jews from other places in Poland and Europe were moved. From this station during the year 1942 Jews were deported to the extermination centre in Chełmno on the Ner and since August 1944 – to the camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau. In total, Germans deported approximately 145.000 Jews. Together with the last transport, the Litzmannstadt Ghetto ceased to exist. The journey to the concentration camp on that August day was not only a tragedy experienced by hundreds of people crammed into cattle wagons, but also a symbolic date that put an end to the existence of the Łódź Jewish Community and Jewish local society which, before the outbreak of World War II, constituted one-third of the city population. In the article, the author explains why certain memorials are becoming the most important places of yearly commemorations of the Jews deported from the ghetto to death camps. She also discusses the meaning of practices connected with visiting lieux de mémoire.
EN
From the cultural point of view, the space of a cemetery is an unfinished artefact; it undergoes constant transformations both as a  material and as a non-material construct. It functions as a palimpsest whose space is created and adjusted by the passage of time; it is time that imposes new meanings and identities upon it. To read a cemetery correctly, one needs to be familiar with the language in which it has been written and to subject it to several readings, since the first reading, i.e. that of a cemetery’s “clearly visible, evident and intentionally exposed” (as J. Kolbuszewski put it) objects and signs, does not allow the scholar to profoundly reconstruct its space. My example will be a village cemetery located in the Cracow-Częstochowa Jura region (in the village of Złoty Potok, Janów commune, Częstochowa county). 
PL
Z kulturowego punktu widzenia przestrzeń cmentarza jest tworem niedokończonym, jako konstrukt materialny i niematerialny jest nieustannie „przeobrażany”. Funkcjonuje jako palimpsest – czas uzgadnia i kreuje jego przestrzeń, nadpisuje nowe znaczenia i tożsamości. Aby go odczytać prawidłowo należy znać język, jakim został napisany i poddać go kilku lekturom, gdyż pierwsza lektura „jawnie dostrzegalnych, widomych i celowo eksponowanych” (J. Kolbuszewski) obiektów i znaków cmentarza nie pozwala badaczowi dogłębnie re-konstruować jego przestrzeń. Za przykład posłuży mi wiejski cmentarz leżący na Jurze Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej (wieś Złoty Potok, gmina Janów, powiat częstochowski). 
EN
The everyday is located in a space-time filled with various practices, problems, non-human creatures; it relates to human beings and places in which they exist. In the article, I reconstruct the ways of experiencing and practising the everyday in tenement courtyards. I present the image of the ordinary everyday as revealed by interviews with tenement dwellers of Maribor in Slovenia, as well as the image of the extraordinary everyday as reported in the diaries and memoirs of the residents of Warsaw tenements during the 2nd World War. Taking the “courtyard everyday” as my example, I demonstrate that the everyday has more than one shape, that it is relative and situational in nature, and that its contents and structure change depending on, among others, people’s biographies, modes of behaviour, objects of which they make use, and their involvement in the constant process of constructing a place.
PL
Wspomnienie o prof. dr hab. Bronisławie Kopczyńskiej-Jaworskiej.
PL
W artykule omawiamy metodologię badań etnograficznych Bronisławy Kopczyńskiej-Jaworskiej, uczonej należącej do grona najwybitniejszych polskich i środkowoeuropejskich przedstawicieli powojennej etnografii. Opisujemy badania, jakie prowadziła Kopczyńska-Jaworska na wsi i w mieście, przedstawiamy paradygmat teoretyczny i metodyczny, w ramach którego uprawiała etnografię. Charakteryzujemy również tzw. łódzką szkołę etnograficzną, której była reprezentantką.
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