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Stereotypy etniczne w różnych językach – narodowe? Międzynarodowe? Uniwersalne?

100%
Tyrpa A.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2013
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issue 1(15)
145-154
EN
The paper discusses ethnic stereotypes petrified in different languages and referring to other nations. According to some researchers, in the lexis and phraseology of a given language, certain units can be distinguished which are only limited to this language. The article collects several examples from which it comes to light that when wider material is considered (including the history of a language, dialects and jargons), some lexemes and phrasemes are found to be present not in one, but in many languages. Analysis of numerous ethnic stereotypes in different languages reveals that transnational semantic patterns exist which are realized independently of linguistic affinity, e.g. in Indo-European as well as in Finno-Ugric languages. These patterns (models) contain slots for specific ethnonyms; how they are filled depends on extra-linguistic factors: historical experience, geographical neighbourhood, mutual friendly or hostile relations. The existence of petrified references to other nations in each language appears to be a universal feature. Specific realization of general semantic models is only partially studied.
2

[recenzja:] Mirosława Sagan-Bielawa, Dziedzictwo pozaborowe. Społeczna świadomość językowa Polaków w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej

100%
Tyrpa A.
Język Polski
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2015
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vol. 95
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issue 5
482-484
3

Polskie choronimy i etnonimy ludowe

100%
Tyrpa A.
Onomastica
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2012
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vol. 56
25–52
EN
The article presents choronyms and ethnonyms used in Polish dialects from the 19th to the 21st centuries. The material comes from the card-file “Dictionary of Polish Dialects” as well as the texts of folk songs. Ethnonyms are divided into masculine, feminine, juvenile, and collective. Among the masculine and feminine ethnonyms, those designating non-adults and those that are expressive are distinguished. In comparison with general Polish usage, dialect names of countries and nations are characterized by great variety. Some ancient forms are preserved in dialects, and loan words from the languages of neighboring nations also appear there.
4
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Kraków w gwarach i folklorze

100%
Tyrpa A.
Polonica
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2016
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vol. 36
167-180
EN
This article tries to recreate the image of Cracow and its inhabitants, as well as the population of nearby villages. Material analyzed in the article consists of dialect vocabulary, phraseology and lyrics of folk songs. Dialects and folklore preserve the image of the city and its architecture, as well as products with names containing a referrence to Cracow. There exists a rich collection of words describing the Cracow regional costume and its various parts, as well as names of objects used i the countryside, songs and dances connected to Cracow. It is worth noting that things considered Cracovian are often automatically identified with Polishness.
5
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Jak nazywano żony Mieszka I? Z antroponimii literackiej

100%
Tyrpa A.
Onomastica
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2021
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vol. 65
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issue 2
119-135
EN
The article consists of two parts. In the first one, “Names of Pagan Wives of Mieszko I”, the author presented the names which the authors of four novels and one interview gave to the wives of the first historical ruler of Poland. In two of the novels, they mention seven names (according to the information provided by Gallus Anonymus, who wrote that Mieszko I “enjoyed seven wives”). In one of the novels one name is mentioned, and in the other one - two names. All those Old-Polish anthroponyms can either be found in dictionaries, or created in line with the convention of the time. It has to be admitted that the authors of the texts in question were faithful to the realistic trend while introducing proper names into historical novels. The interview with an American historian is different, as he created seven grotesque and ludicrous names. The other part of the article is “The Name of the First Christian Wife of Mieszko I”. Eight historical novels were taken into account. Their authors used three forms of the Czech princess’ name: Dubrawka, Dobrawka and Dobrawa. This diversity resulted from the debates concerning the proper pronunciation of her name in Polish. Linguists prefer the form Dąbrówka (derived from the stem that means ‛dark’), which did not appear in any of the novels. It seems that the authors of the novels follow the idea of historians who prefer the form Dobrawa (connected with the adjective dobry ‛good’). The novels of the following authors were taken into account: J.I. Kraszewski, K. Bunsch, A. Gołubiew, F. Fenikowski, K. Dobkiewiczowa, and E. Cherezińska, as well as the interview with P.E. Steele, an American historian living in Poland.
PL
Artykuł składa się z dwóch części. W pierwszej z nich Imiona pogańskich żon Mieszka I zaprezentowano imiona, które autorzy czterech powieści i jednego wywiadu nadali żonom pierwszego historycznego władcy Polski. W dwóch powieściach jest to siedem imion (zgodnie z informacją z kroniki Galla Anonima, że Mieszko I „siedmiu żon zażywał”). W jednej – jedno imię, a w kolejnej – dwa. Wszystkie te staropolskie antroponimy są notowane w słownikach, albo utworzone zgodnie z konwencją epoki. Trzeba uznać, że autorzy analizowanych utworów pozostali wierni zasadom nurtu realistycznego, obowiązującego przy wprowadzaniu nazw własnych do powieści historycznych. Inny charakter ma wywiad z amerykańskim historykiem, który utworzył siedem imion o charakterze groteskowo-ludycznym. Druga część artykułu to Imię pierwszej chrześcijańskiej żony Mieszka I. Wzięto pod uwagę osiem powieści historycznych, których autorzy zastosowali trzy formy imienia czeskiej księżniczki: Dubrawka, Dobrawka i Dobrawa. Ta rozmaitość wypływa ze sporów na temat właściwego brzmienia jej imienia przeniesionego na grunt polszczyzny. Językoznawcy są zwolennikami formy Dąbrówka (wywodzonej od rdzenia o znaczeniu ‘ciemny’), która nie pojawiła się w żadnej powieści. Wydaje się, że pisarze idą raczej za historykami, zwolennikami formy Dobrawa (wiązanej z przymiotnikiem dobry). W artykule wzięto pod uwagę powieści następujących pisarzy: J. I. Kraszewskiego, K. Bunscha, A. Gołubiewa, F. Fenikowskiego, K. Dobkiewiczowej i E. Cherezińskiej oraz wywiad z mieszkającym w Polsce amerykańskim historykiem P. E. Steelem.
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Stare i nowe słowa w świadomości mieszkańców wsi

100%
Tyrpa A.
Poradnik Językowy
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2019
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vol. 760
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issue 1
20-32
EN
This paper presents manifestations of dialect users’ language awareness in the area of vocabulary. Rural inhabitants can point to old and new words referring to a given designatum. They realise that lexis changes, that some words go out of use and are replaced by others. The process of lexemes passing from active to passive vocabulary is demonstrated by semantic fi elds: a human being, body parts, illnesses, clothes, weaver’s craft, household appliances, dishes, buildings and their parts, animals, plants, agriculture, units of measure, human gatherings. Examples of old and new anthroponyms and toponyms are also provided. The dialectal material has been drawn from two dictionaries: Słownik gwar polskich (Dictionary of Polish Dialects) and Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur (Dictionary of the Dialects of the Ostróda, Warmia and Masuria Regions) and their indexes.
7
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Tytuły jako skrzydlate słowa

100%
Tyrpa A.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Linguistica
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2020
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issue 15
301-311
EN
The article discusses the issue of the “second life” of titles which, separated from the original text, start to function in the texts of other authors as winged words. The author has described the works that have been written on this topic based on the materials from magazines, belles-lettres and books discussing the titles of films. Twelve titles were presented which have been taken over by the authors of at least two new texts. The research material included ten Polish novels from the years 1969–2013. Twelve titles come from two poetic works, one song, five novels and two filmed stories, one light opera and one film. Six of them are the works of Polish authors, and the remaining six were made by foreign authors. A half of them were described in the volume Skrzydlate słowa [Winged Words] of 1990.
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