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EN
Herbert Marcuse, referring to Freud, demanded positing unrepressed childhood sexuality, characterised by polymorphous perversity and primary narcissism, as the basis for human self-realisation, which is to consist in spontaneous sublimation – that is, the process of unconstrained rationalization of the erotic drive. According to Marcuse, this would enable people – both on the individual and the social level – to live without repressing their nature and, simultaneously, to evolve in a rational and creative way. In developing these ideas, Piotr Rymarczyk – focuses on the notion of the oceanic experience, which according to Freud and Marcuse accompanies primary narcissism. He interprets it as a non-instrumental way of experiencing existence and regards it as the basis for a form of identity based the on self-affirmation of one’s own conscious and autonomous being – and not on identification with instrumentalising social roles. He also points to the possibilities of empathic identification with others provided by primary narcissism. Since Marcuse recognized art as a field where the non-repressive model of life is, to some degree, practiced even in contemporary repressive society, Rymarczyk – to illustrate the difference between the model of individual identity and life based on spontaneous sublimation and the one recommended by consumerist mass culture – tries to analyse the paintings of Frieda Kahlo and Balthus. According to him, both models are somehow founded on the body and bodily pleasures. However, in contemporary mass culture we have to do with identity based on the body treated as an external image determining the individual’s social status, and the model of life based mainly on striving for impressing others with the abovementioned glamorous bodily image and apparently hedonistic lifestyle. On the other hand, Kahlo’s and Balthis’s artworks suggest a model of identity based on identification with an animated body, which symbolizes our internal life and a model of self-realisation based on experiencing pleasures which have sensual roots, but which are enhanced by their symbolic dimension being uncovered by activity of the non-instrumental reason.
EN
Review of the book by Judith Butler; Frames of War: When Is Life Grievable?
EN
Contemporary mass culture is often considered to be a proponent of bodily and sensual liberation. However, as a matter of fact – regarding its commercial character subordinated to the task of stimulating consumption – it is rather oriented to transmission of definite patterns of bodily behaviours and feelings to its recipients. That instrumentalising external narration of mass culture can be opposed by an individual with an internal narration based on listening to sensations coming from his/her own body and answering the questions: “What do I feel? What brings me pleasure? What brings me joy?”. An ability to create an internal narration is not, however, inborn and it must be learned. Its acquisition in an early stage of life requires interactions between a child and its social partners – mainly parents.
EN
Globalization, paradoxically, often entails revival of local communities. It does not mean, however, coming back to local tradition in its unmodified forms because it is subject to social reconstruction, which exposes it to the risk of changing into a commercial mass culture product. Authentic tradition can only survive when it is supported by spontaneous activities of small groups. The quest for a local identity can be considerably favoured by development of local tourism, which is not so commercialised as other forms of tourist activity. Hence it provides better opportunities to get to know the culture and social life of visited places. Local tourism can become an experience which, in the face of globalisation, constructs identities of local communities. Integrated local communities, being aware of their roots and history, can, on the one hand, open for the changes brought by globalization and, on the other hand, protect their heritage.
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