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1

Technologia represji politycznych NKWD w latach 1939–1941

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Baran W.

Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

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2014

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issue 1(23)

267-292

EN

The article lays down the analysis of the scope and methods of operation of the Soviet state security bodies in 1939–1941. It describes the technology of political search as the main profile of Stalin’s special services. On the basis of documents of NKVD of the USSR the categories of the so-called “anti-Soviet element” are described. Some features of the secret service work, field surveillance, mail cover check, the use of provocative methods in the struggle with “enemies of the people” are revealed. The arrests procedure, investigations organization and the system of imprisonment functioning, the use of offence methods and in-ward agents by interrogation officers are investigated. Considerable attention is paid to the activity of the Special conference at NKVD of the USSR, which was the key organ of extra-judicial punishment of the political prisoners. The article is written based on the original actual material, first of all based on the documents of the National Archives of the Security Service of Ukraine, Branch National Archives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, the Russian State Archives of Social and Political History, the Russian State Archives of the Contemporary History, the State Archives of Russian Federation.

2

Przekształcenia ekonomiczne na Ukrainie Zachodniej w latach 1939–1941

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Baran W.

Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

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2012

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issue 1(19)

477-494

EN

In September 1939, in accordance with secret agreements concluded with Germany, the Soviets occupied the territories of so-called Western Ukraine, meaning Poland’s eastern voivodeships. In November, those territories were annexed by the USSR. Soviet administrative structures were introduced there, and the process of implementing radical socio-economic transformations was launched. The process of changes began by profound ownership transformations, comprising nationalisation of industry, transport, telecommunications, banks. Transformations also affected agriculture. Latifunds, lands of convents and owned by high-ranking state officials, were confiscated. Lands were nationalised. The authorities started creating state farms and farming co-operatives. All land purchase/ sale transactions were forbidden. In December 1939, the ruble became the official currency. The Polish zloty was withdrawn from official circulation. The introduced changes set the foundations for a new economic system. The second aim of Soviet authorities was to industrialise Western Ukraine. In the plan for 1940, the development of the industrial potential of Lwów (Lviv) – a city that had until then been primarily an academic and cultural centre – was deemed a task of particular importance, for ideological reasons. Economic transformations triggered radical social changes, an element of shaping society to emulate the Soviet model. Implemented changes met with ambiguous reactions of different social groups. For example, the collectivisation of agriculture was opposed by peasants-owners of private farms. However, the process was supported by the rural poor, that hoped for a better life thanks to socialism. The authorities suppressed all types of resistance with ruthless administrative methods.

3

Radzieckie organy bezpieczeństwa państwowego na Ukrainie: czerwiec–grudzień 1941 roku. Zarys problematyki

100%

Baran W.

Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

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2017

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issue 30

227-267

EN

The article presents the outline of the activities undertaken by the Soviet state security services in Ukraine between June and December 1941. The author analyses different aspects of the operation of Soviet security services in the initial period of the German-Soviet war, in particular: the first organizational initiatives taken by the KGB USSR, the control of correspondence and public moods, the observation of refugees and establishment of evacuation points, the struggle against the enemy’s parachute operations and establishment of deadly battalions, the deportation of prisoners to the east of the country and executions in prisons in the western oblasts of the USSR, the fight against desertion and spreading panic at the rear, repression against the so-called anti-soviet and suspicious element, the mass deportations of citizens on ethnic grounds, the creation of subversive and reconnaissance groups as well as merging underground and guerrilla movements in the occupied territories. Several characteristic documents from the archives of the Soviet state security services are annexed to this article.

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Zachodnia Ukraina – początek sowietyzacji (wrzesień–grudzień 1939 roku). Spojrzenie historyka ukraińskiego

100%

Baran W.

Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

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2011

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issue 2(18)

383-410

EN

Western Ukraine – the beginning of the Sovietisation (September–December1939). From the Perspective of the Ukrainian Historician On 17 September 1939 the Red Army attacked eastern Poland. On 28 September the USSR and Germany signed a pact which delineated, among others, a new border between Polish territories occupied by the two countries. The Soviets occupied the territory east of the San, Bug, Narew and Pisa Rivers. The official names for the territory were: Western Ukraine and Western Belarus. Lithuania was also included in their zone of influence. Functionaries of the communist party and security service came to Poland together with the Red Army. They were tasked to gain full control over the occupied territory. The Soviet security service commenced arrests of those accused of anticommunist activity, Polish administration representatives, the intelligentsia, and the so-called “enemies of the people” i.e. land owners and entrepreneurs. Tragic was the fate of the Polish POWs detained in special camps. The Soviets began organizing their own local administration. They introduced a new political system. They forbade the activity of the political parties and social organizations, and new ones following the Soviet model were set up in their place. There were also radical socio-economic changes. In October 1939 a Soviet-controlled election to the People’s Assembly of Eastern Ukraine was held. The deputies adopted a declaration unifying the territory of Eastern Ukraine with that of the Ukrainian Soviet Social Republic. In November the Polish territory was incorporated into the USSR. The inhabitants of the western districts of Ukraine were granted Soviet citizenship. Wołodymyr Baran The Sovietization process was quite intensive and was carried out on a massive scale. It influenced all areas of life, including the political and socio-economic systems as well as the spiritual and cultural spheres. Such a radical transformation had severe consequences for millions of people. On 17 September 1939 the Red Army attacked eastern Poland. On 28 September the USSR and Germany signed a pact which delineated, among others, a new border between Polish territories occupied by the two countries. The Soviets occupied the territory east of the San, Bug, Narew and Pisa Rivers. The official names for the territory were: Western Ukraine and Western Belarus. Lithuania was also included in their zone of influence. Functionaries of the communist party and security service came to Poland together with the Red Army. They were tasked to gain full control over the occupied territory. The Soviet security service commenced arrests of those accused of anticommunist activity, Polish administration representatives, the intelligentsia, and the so-called “enemies of the people” i.e. land owners and entrepreneurs. Tragic was the fate of the Polish POWs detained in special camps. The Soviets began organizing their own local administration. They introduced a new political system. They forbade the activity of the political parties and social organizations, and new ones following the Soviet model were set up in their place. There were also radical socio-economic changes. In October 1939 a Soviet-controlled election to the People’s Assembly of Eastern Ukraine was held. The deputies adopted a declaration unifying the ter- ritory of Eastern Ukraine with that of the Ukrainian Soviet Social Republic. In November the Polish territory was incorporated into the USSR. The inhabitants of the western districts of Ukraine were granted Soviet citizenship. The Sovietization process was quite intensive and was carried out on a massive scale. It influenced all areas of life, including the political and socio-economic systems as well as the spiritual and cultural spheres. Such a radical transformation had severe consequences for millions of people.

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Репресії сталінського режиму щодо Римсько-католицької церкви на Волині і в Східній Галичині у 1939–1941 рр.

100%

Baran W.

Komunizm: system – ludzie - dokumentacja

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2014

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issue 3

49-63

EN

The article analyzes the situation of the Roman Catholic Church in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia in 1939–1941. The author discusses the Stalinist policy towards religion and the Church, forms and methods of government pressure on religious organizations, believers and clergy (intimidation, summoning for questioning, the introduction of high taxes, the use of a variety of administrative harassment, etc.). This paper shows the activity of the Soviet state security organs to the distribution of religious communities, to discredit priests and church leaders, as well as the persecution and repression against the most stubborn and rebellious priests. However, even such action could not undermine the authority of the clergy and tear items of local people on the maintenance of a constant tradition, and the Christian faith.

6

Sądownictwo radzieckie na Wołyniu i w Galicji Wschodniej w latach 1939–1941

63%

Baran W., Tokarski W.

Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

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2015

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issue 1(25)

277-302

EN

The Soviet Judiciary in the Volhynia and in East Galicia in 1939–1941 The article reviews the formation and development of Soviet justice in Volyn and Eastern Galicia in 1939–1941. It reveals the notion of ‘political justice’ and significance of punitive and repressive authorities in Soviet totalitarian system. The paper shows the main trends of judicial and extrajudicial executions of Stalinist regime against the public of Volyn and Eastern Galicia, which was treated as socially alien and politically hostile. Following the Red Army entry in Polish eastern provinces, there were numerous instances where Red Army soldiers and KGB servicemen organized lynching against Polish law enforcement officers, gendarmes, officers, village policemen and other ‘counter-revolutionary elements.’ At the beginning of the Soviet rule Western Ukraine experienced systematic political repressions carried out almost exclusively by direct orders of the Interior Commissar of the USSR L. Beria and military tribunals. Later, all parts of the Soviet judiciary were formed in the territories annexed to the USSR: local prosecutors, court presidents were appointed. Department of Justice and the Bar Association were created. In this respect, a significant share of cases on counter-revolutionary crimes was conducted by regional courts who applied various penalties against defendants. The article analyzes the individual stages of the criminal process and presents typical examples of execution of Soviet justice in Volyn and Eastern Galicia. Based on the records of the Soviet Union Supreme Court, People’ s Commissariat of Justice and the Prosecuto’ s Office, the second half of 1940 was marked by substantial consolidation of punitive policy of the authorities in cases on counterrevolutionary crimes. The operating principle of Special Council of the Soviet Union People’ s Commissariat for Internal Affairs as the main instrument of extrajudicial repressions is revealed based on materials of Branch State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine.

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Technologia represji politycznych NKWD w latach 1939–1941

Przekształcenia ekonomiczne na Ukrainie Zachodniej w latach 1939–1941

Radzieckie organy bezpieczeństwa państwowego na Ukrainie: czerwiec–grudzień 1941 roku. Zarys problematyki

Zachodnia Ukraina – początek sowietyzacji (wrzesień–grudzień 1939 roku). Spojrzenie historyka ukraińskiego

Репресії сталінського режиму щодо Римсько-католицької церкви на Волині і в Східній Галичині у 1939–1941 рр.

Sądownictwo radzieckie na Wołyniu i w Galicji Wschodniej w latach 1939–1941