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EN
The introduction of the containerisation influenced not only means of transport and container terminals, but also an organisation of transport chains and other elements of the socio-economic reality. The proposed article briefly describes the specificity of both intermodal loading units and the containerisation itself. It also underlines the most important stages of a development of the containerisation from the beginning of the 19th century to the present day.
EN
Common maritime transport policy in Europe was developed only in the mid 70-ties of the 20th century. It was mainly due to the provisions of the Treaty of Rome according to which any decisions on common maritime transport had been postponed indefinitely. The Council Regulation No 141/62 was in force until the end of 1986. It excluded the maritime transport from the regulations concerning competition issues. The following sections of the article present both basic types of integration agreements between shipowners (especially those operating in container shipping) that were formed at the time described and the European Union changing attitude towards freedom of service provision in the maritime transport.
EN
The article presents profiles of chosen stock investors of the 20th and 21st century. Some of them earned a fortune in the stock market and since then have been considered the best investors of all time. Other, on the contrary, lost their reputation and ended brilliant careers in prison. The article briefly describes lives of them and studies factors that contributed to such a great success or spectacular failure in each case.
EN
Poland, due to its location in the center of Europe, is a key element of the New Silk Road (NSR), an initiative that attempts to create the shortest land connection between China and Western Europe. This article analyzes various industry reports, national development strategies up to 2030, and EU and local projects to see is the further development of NSR an opportunity for container rail transport in Poland. As it turns out, the issue discussed in the article has hitherto been outside the circle of researchers’ interest, thus the analysis is an important supplement to the existing research gap. It indicates that the further participation of Poland in the Chinese One Belt One Road initiative is a great opportunity for the economic growth of the Republic of Poland (RP).
RU
Благодаря своему расположению в центре Европы Польша – ключевой элемент китайской инициативы, которая является попыткой создать самое короткое су¬хопутное соединение между Китаем и Западной Европой. В данной статье были проанализированы различные типы отраслевых отчетов, национальные стратегии развития до 2030 года, а также проекты Один пояс и один путь и местные проекты для того, чтобы ответить на вопрос, является ли дальнейшее развитие Нового шёлкового пути шансом для железнодорожного транспорта в Польше. Оказывается, что представленная в статье проблема до сих пор остается вне круга интересов исследователей данной темы и проведенный анализ частично заполняет существу¬ющий пробел в исследованиях. Проведенный анализ показывает, что дальнейшее участие Польши в китайской инициативе Один пояс и один путь создаёт чудесные возможности для экономического роста Республики Польша.
EN
The article examines the competitiveness of small Baltic container terminals. In order to conduct the research, thirty terminals, whose annual maximum throughput capacity does not exceed 150,000 TEU, have been examined taking into consideration a number of criteria which are: length of the quay (C1), number of RTG (C2) and STS (C3) cranes, number of shortsea shipping connections (C4), maximum (technical) depth at the quay (C5), distance from motorways and expressways/national roads (C6), distance from the national railway station (C7). Selected k=7 criteria were used to perform PROMETHEE II (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations II) multi-criteria ranking that enabled specifying those Baltic Sea container nodes which are in the area of strategic benefits for the analysed market sector.
EN
Aim/purpose – The purpose of the paper is to describe and analyse the functioning of the cinema distribution market in Poland in 2002-2018. Design/methodology/approach – The results of the quantitative research of the fifteen major film distributors operating in Poland in the analysed period are presented in the paper, together with market capacity, market share ratios and measures of market concentration. Findings – Thanks to the analysis, large distributors operating in the Polish film market are characterised. The analysis of the structure and the concentration of the sector in question shows that nowadays over half of the cinema distribution in Poland is concentrated in the hands of four companies (UIP, Kino Świat, Monolith and Disney), two of which (UIP, Disney) are foreign branches of the major American studios. Thus, the results of the research provide empirical evidence on the impact of international distribution consortia on the Polish cinematographic industry. They are similar to the existing literature findings which concern other countries (e.g. Canada, New Zealand, Western Europe). This means that Poland is part of the trend of dominance of American distributors on global domestic markets. Research implications/limitations – The paper opens a wider discussion about the Polish film distribution. Yet, the research results concern Poland and cannot be generalised to other countries. In addition, studies refer only to the cinema distribution, not taking into account other channels of distribution as DVD, VOD and online distribution. Originality/value/contribution – The cinema distribution market in Poland is still poorly recognised by researchers. The paper is a valuable addition to this research gap.
PL
Kiedy w 2013 r. Chińczycy po raz pierwszy zaprezentowali koncepcję budowy Nowego Jedwabnego Szlaku (NJS), sieć kolejowych połączeń miała prowadzić przez Polskę leżącą na odcinku najkrótszego lądowego połączenia Chin z Europą Zachodnią. Od samego początku ważnym punktem na planowanej trasie była Łódź – czwarte co do wielkości oraz trzecie pod względem liczby mieszkańców miasto w Polsce. Dzięki dogodnej lokalizacji oraz dużemu potencjałowi kreatywnemu to właśnie Łódź, jako silny ośrodek gospodarczy i akademicki, dostała szansę na wyspecjalizowanie się w szerokim spektrum usług logistycznych. W prezentowanym artykule autorki spróbują ocenić przebieg dotychczasowej współpracy władz miasta z partnerami z Chin oraz zidentyfikować mocne i słabe strony Łodzi w kontekście dalszej współpracy z Państwem Środka, jak również w odniesieniu do planów rozwojowych ośrodka na najbliższą przyszłość.
EN
When in 2013 the Chinese first presented the concept of building the New Silk Road (NSR), the railway network was to go through Poland, the shortest land connection of China to Western Europe. From the very beginning Łódź, the fourth largest and the third most populated city in Poland, was one of the most important points on the planned route. Łódź, a strong economic and academic centre with a convenient location and large creative as well as innovative potential, was given the chance to specialise in a wide range of logistics services. In the very article, the Authoresses will try to evaluate the current cooperation of the city of Łódź authorities with partners from China and to identify strengths and weaknesses of Łódź in a context of further Sino-Polish cooperation as well as the city development plan for the near future.
PL
Dystrybutor filmowy jest bardzo ważną figurą w cyklu życia filmu. To on angażuje własne środki w rozpowszechnianie oraz promocję utworu i wraz z producentem podejmuje decyzję o tym, kiedy film ma trafić do kin, w jaki sposób będzie prowadzona kampania marketingowa, a także do kogo będzie adresowana. Jako że rynek dystrybucji kinowej w Polsce jest wciąż słabo rozpoznany przez badaczy akademickich, celem niniejszego artykułu jest uzupełnienie tej luki i przybliżenie czytelnikom specyfiki polskiej branży dystrybucji kinowej. Ponieważ wyniki przeprowadzonego przez autorki badania nad funkcjonowaniem rynku dystrybucji kinowej w Polsce w latach 2002-2018 dostarczają dowodów empirycznych na to, że polska branża filmowa pozostaje pod silnym wpływem dużych amerykańskich firm dystrybucyjnych, w artykule został opisany także wpływ współczesnej branży hollywoodzkiej na rodzimy przemysł filmowy.
EN
The film distributor is a very important figure in the life cycle of a film. It is the distributor who engages his own resources in the dissemination and promotion of the film and, together with the producer, decides when the film should hit the cinemas, how the marketing campaign will be conducted and who it will be addressed to. Since the cinema distribution market in Poland is still underexamined by academic researchers, the purpose of this article is to fill this gap and familiarize readers with the specifics of the Polish cinema distribution industry. Because the results of the research carried out by the authors on the functioning of the cinema distribution market in Poland in 2002-2018 provide empirical evidence that the Polish film industry is strongly influenced by large American distribution companies, the article also describes the impact of the modern Hollywood industry on the local film industry.
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