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PL
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę kobiecego piękna w traktatach włoskich XVI wieku na przykładzie Isabelli Cortese.
EN
Four poems by Italian little known (or rather unknown at all) poets are published in annex to Władysław Mickiewicz’s Mémorial de la Légion Polonaise de 1848 créée en Italie par Adam Mickiewicz, Paris 1877. They have been ‘carefully’ preserved by Mickiewicz himself, despite he burnt a lot of papers before leaving for Constantinople in 1855. These poems, offered to Mickiewicz in 1848 while passing with his Legion from empoli to Milan, are average examples of the Italian patriotic poetry of the ‘second romanticism’ and three of them were translated and published in Polish as late as in 1961. It would be interesting to investigate more about how many literary testimonies of this ideological and military enterprise still remain in old prints and in manuscripts.
EN
Printed books were present in Venice already in 1469 and quickly became one of the specialities of this city. But, with the beginning of the 16th century, among the celebrated erudite works, classics of Latin, Tuscan, and contemporary literature, there appeared books treating practical matters, addressed to the common folk. Usually, these prints were sold not in bookshops, but from street stalls and in marketplaces. Unfortunately, these editions addressed to no particular milieu, hence, they seldom became the object of historical research. The themes treated by the authors of these publications range from cooking and food preservation to preparing homemade medicine, soap, cleaning agents, and various kinds of cosmetics. Needlework pattern books constitute a separate group among them. Not infrequent, and very interesting, these books contained works by the most distinguished artists active in Venice. Although, the content of such publications was very traditional and dealt with common activities, chiefl y performed by women, their editorial form was state-of-the-art, and boldly utilised the most developed printing techniques of the time. In result, the books in question present very interesting material for research.
PL
Książka drukowana obecna była w Wenecji już od 1469 roku i bardzo szybko stałą się jedną ze specjalności miasta nad Laguną. Wśród wydań dzieł erudycyjnych, klasyków literatury łacińskej i toskańskiej oraz utworów autorów współczesnych, wraz z początkiem nowego stulecia ukazywać się zaczęły także wydania o tematyce praktycznej, przeznaczone do użytku codziennego. Książki te sprzedawane były często nie w księgarniach, a na ulicznych straganach i jarmarkach. Zbyt często pozostawały one na marginesie zainteresowań badaczy, jako nie wpisujące się łatwo w określony krąg czytelniczy. Ich tematyka dotyczyła zarówno przyrządzania potraw i sposobów przechowywania produktów, jak sporządzania w domu leków, mydeł i „środków czystości” oraz wszelkiego rodzaju kosmetyków. Osobną, nader interesującą, kategorię stanowiły bardzo liczne wzorniki haftów i koronek igłowych – wzory nierzadko były dziełem największych artystów weneckich. Treści, jakie publikacje te upowszechniały były zwykle tradycyjne i służące najpospolitszym ludzkim, najczęściej kobiecym, zajęciom, lecz forma ich przekazu śmiało korzystała z najnowszych technologicznych i edytorskich osiągnięć weneckiego drukarstwa, co sprawia, że stanowią one do dzisiaj atrakcyjny i wdzięczny materiał do badań.
IT
La memoria fin dai tempi antichi veniva considerata non solo una capacità utile a chi praticava un lavoro intellettuale ma era vista anche come una virtù morale che permetteva di trasmettere e di salvaguardare l’eredità spirituale dell’umanità. Le "artes memoriae" conobbero uno sviluppo particolare durante tutto il medioevo e l’arrivo della stampa non significò affatto un loro declino. Durante tutto il Cinquecento i trattati venivano stampati in tutta Europa, accompagnati spesso da illustrazioni destinate ad aiutare la “fissazione” dei "loci". Un accesso più ampio al libro stampato spinse pure gli autori a produrre le versioni dei trattati nelle lingue volgari. Tommaso Garzoni nella sua descrizione delle professioni e degli stati più diversi dà, sul finire del secolo ("La Piazza universale di tutte le professioni del mondo", prima edizione 1585), un ruolo importante ai professori di memoria e Lodovico Dolce, uno dei più moderni e prolifici collaboratori editoriali vide il suo dialogo sulla memoria (un adattamento del "Congestiorum artificiosae memoriae" di Johannes Romberch) ristampato ben quattro volte (negli anni 1562–1586). Il testo è ancora oggi uno dei più diffusi nelle collezioni dei libri antichi, in Italia e all’estero. Il paradossale ruolo della stampa, quello di mantenere l’uso delle idee più diffuse e più tradizionali attraverso una nuova tecnologia, si fa notare in questo caso in modo particolarmente palese. Quando invece l’arte della memoria cessa di essere semplice strumento di lavoro e specchio fedele di un mondo conosciuto e ordinato, quando essa viene percossa dalle ambizioni di capire il mondo, di penetrare i suoi misteri, di trovare le parentele con la cabala e con le pratiche combinatorie, allora comincia tutta un’altra storia, quella di voler creare mondi artificiali e anche quella della modernità delle scienze.
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Les perles de la Baltique

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