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Rozum a dějiny u Rousseaua, Kanta a Hegela

100%
Navrátilová O.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
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2017
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vol. 65
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issue 4
543-562
EN
The aim of the article is to show in what respect Hegel’s scheme of the philosophy of history is a culmination of a development of thought whose origins we find in J.‑J. Rousseau and I. Kant. The progressive development of this conception of history is presented by way of an analysis of three motifs: of history as a transition from the natu­ral to the political state, of history as an emancipation of man by means of reason, and of history as the history of salvation. These three motifs are entangled with one another in the conception in question, and are combined in the unity of a three-part structure. The understanding of history in terms of this structure, however, brings with it a question regarding the end of history – something which demonstrates the limits of this conception of history, especially in the form which it took in Hegel.
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Proč (někdy) nemíchat texty aneb Text jako možná výchozí jednotka lingvistické analýzy1

51%
Čech R., Kosek P., Mačutek J., Navrátilová O.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2020
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vol. 103
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issue 1-2
24-36
EN
The paper deals with two important questions in linguistic research: 1) What do we actually model when we model language usage? and 2) What is an appropriate sample or ‘text unit’ for the analysis of language usage? In the beginning, we critically discuss several approaches to the analysis of language behaviour. Then, we introduce the most important characteristics of both Zipf’s linguistic theory and synergetic linguistics. We focus in particular on the aspects of these theories which are connected to the above-mentioned questions. Specifically, we emphasize that one of the fundamental features of these theories is the assumption that there are linguistic laws which govern human language behaviour and which can be best detected by observing the language behaviour of an individual (in a particular context). As a consequence, if the goal of the research is to examine laws of this kind, the individual text is used as a basic unit for the analysis. The mixing of texts can, in some cases, lead to the “concealing” of the laws, as is presented in an example. We also offer another example which shows how characteristics of the same law (in this case, the Menzerath-Altmann law) differ in different texts. Finally, we emphasize that using individual texts in linguistic research is but one possible approach to analysis, i.e. we do not attempt to make it a linguistic research dogma.
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