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EN
One of the most significant features of the modern countries in Africa is that an alien educational method was brought there from Europe and was combined with the indigenous African or Islamic educational structures and institutions. The new educational system, described as secular, conflicted especially with those existing systems which were religious in nature. Western education was, however, hard to resist because of all the advantages it contained in terms of preparing Africans for a new economic structure and technology, and the accompanying job opportunities. This led to the following dilemmas: Was it possible to combine the traditional and modern systems of education? Was it possible to modernise without eliminating the religious element of the educational system? These questions summarise the main problematic with which the Muslim scholars of the East African coast were confronted at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century’s. It was the time when the Arab Islamic civilisation provided the ideal model for Muslim practice and conduct as a new European model of life was emerging. And all this was taking place in a particular cultural context, Swahili. Some leaders of the Swahili Islamic community realized that there was no alternative to modifying their traditional system of education and opening it to the modern tendencies. One of these leaders was Sheikh al-Amin b. Ali al-Mazrui. Through his various activities, teaching and writings, he strongly influenced the educational development of Islam in East Africa. This paper presents some aspects of Islamic education in Kenya, where the traditional Islamic concept of education has encountered one of its greatest challenges: modern education. The clash between these two entirely different concepts created some problems and brought into question even fundamental elements of the previous system. Consequently, the mediaeval structure of the Quranic school was modernized and a new form, the madrasa, emerged, this also highlighted the problem of female education, so that, eventually, Muslim girls were allowed to acquire a proper education. The educational problems that arose on the East African coast at the beginning of the past century are reflected in the life activity of Sheikh al-Amin. His legacy and the clash between these two concepts had far-reaching consequences, which continue today. The particular focus of this work concerns aspects of the educational system of the East African coast at the beginning of the twentieth century. This is of great personal interest since the author has had the opportunity of working as a Catholic missionary in various Kenyan schools where he experienced the mission challenges of Islam in Kenya.
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EN
Since the beginning of islam in the 7th century christians and Muslims have been a permanent challenge for themselves. the confrontation and the closeness which accompanythem through the entire history are rooted in the universal and monotheistic character of both religions. From the christian point of view it would be diffcult to talk about interreligious dialogue or at least its modern developments, without the Second Vatican council (1962–1965) and the declaration nostra aetate. the council recognized in it the spiritual, moral and cultural values present in different religions, emphasizing spiritual and moral values between Muslim and christians. For the frst time in the history of the catholic church, the council’s fathers offcially called for the co-operation with Muslims. this is the starting point of the real dialogue between christians and Muslims. This article attempts to describe and analyse – in three parts – some aspects of the dialogical initiatives of christian-Muslim relations. A greater part of it refers to the roman catholic church, but some examples of interpretation and dialogical initiatives of the Orthodox and protestant churches are included as well. Islam as a point of reference is taken as a whole. After a short introduction containing a general defnition of dialogue and its interreligious form the frst part deals with historical facts which shaped the dialogical attitudes. the selected historical facts build a background forsome theological ideas on islam in orthodox, catholic and protestant traditions. The second part focuses on the practical aspects of dialogue – its forms and representative institutions, i.e. the pontifcal council for interreligious Dialogue, World council of churches and Orthodox center of the ecumenical patriarch in chambésy which are engaged in the dialogue on behalf of the main christian churches. the third part offers some ideas concerning aarguments for dialogue, its effciency and quality which might be important for the future of dialogue.the modern history of christian-Muslim relations shows that the dialogue between adherents of these two largest religions is possible despite that it is not an easy undertaking. the author underlines that there is no alternative to dialogue as there is no better way to defeat prejudices and heal the wounds of the past. 
EN
The paper presents assessment of impacts of introducing the greening scenario of the Common Agricultural Policy, proposed by the European Commission as an alternative for the reformed CAP after 2013. A number of variants of the greening was analyzed. Assessments were made for selected types of crop farms from the FADN sample with the use of the LP optimization farm model. Types of farms were defined according to the level of diversifi¬cation of crop production, that was calculated with the index of concentration of cropping structure CCR. Greening of the CAP leads to changes in the cropping structure. Required diversification of cropping structure and obligatory 7% of ecological focus area results with a decrease of farm incomes comparing to baseline scenario, that assumes continuation of the current CAP.
PL
Problematyka rozwoju różnych form działalności rolniczej na obszarach zurbanizowanych w krajach rozwiniętych nabiera coraz większego znaczenia. Wynika to z bardzo dużego natężenia procesów urbanizacji i coraz silniejszej suburbanizacji. Właściciele gospodarstw rolnych położonych w strefach bezpośredniego oddziaływania miast funkcjonują na wymagającym rynku, gdzie duża konkurencja o grunty, miejscowe regulacje dotyczące kierunków zagospodarowania terenu i inne uwarunkowania prawno-planistyczne często znacząco utrudniają rozwój, a nawet utrzymanie produkcji rolniczej. Tym samym, aby zwiększyć szanse na przetrwanie i rozwój, zarządzający gospodarstwami muszą stosować adekwatne do lokalnych warunków strategie oraz modele biznesu. Celem opracowania jest określenie kierunków rozwoju miejskich gospodarstw rolnych na przykładzie 20 gospodarstw zlokalizowanych w Zagłębiu Ruhry oraz Metropolii Górnośląskiej. Prowadzone badania wykazały, iż zasadniczo można wyróżnić 3 główne modele biznesowe, tj. dywersyfikacja, specjalizacja oraz dyferencjacja. Wybór konkretnego modelu biznesu jest pochodną lokalnych uwarunkowań przyrodniczych i kulturowych, posiadanych zasobów ziemi oraz kapitału, ale również bardzo dużą rolę odgrywają wiedza i kompetencje zarządzających gospodarstwami.
EN
Development of various forms of agricultural activities in urban areas in developed countries is becoming increasingly important. This is due to very high intensity of urbanisation and suburbanisation processes. The owners of farms located in areas of direct impact cities operate in a challenging market, where strong competition for land, local regulations on land development and planning often significantly hinder development or even agricultural production. Thus, to increase the chances of survival and development, managers of agricultural holdings must apply business models adequate to local conditions. The aim of this study was to characterise different business models on the example of 20 urban farms located in the Ruhr and Upper Silesia Metropolis. Results demonstrated that in principle there are 3 main business models, i.e. diversification, specialisation and differentiation. The choice of a particular business model is derived from the local natural and cultural resources owned land and capital, but also it is very dependent on knowledge and expertise of farm managers.
EN
The study attempts to assess the importance of agriculture in the process of renewable energy development in Poland and the EU. It was pointed out that, despite the large production potential, the share of agriculture in the production of renewable energy is relatively small in many countries, including Poland. It was stressed that a special role in the process of renewable energy production in agriculture can be played by agricultural biogas plants. Production of agricultural biogas is not only a way of generation of renewable energy, but also a manner of reduction of methane emissions which usually takes place when manure is stored on the farm. This is particularly important from the point of view of the EU climate policy. The experience of many countries shows that the rise of renewable energy, particularly in the early stages of development of specified technology depends on the support from public funds. Available statistics suggests that the EU Member States present very different approaches to the policy of RES support. In some EU countries (including Poland), a large part of public funds is directed to support “traditional” energy based on fossil fuels.
PL
W opracowaniu podjęto próbę oceny znaczenia rolnictwa w procesach rozwoju energetyki odnawialnej w Polsce i UE. Wskazano, że w wielu krajach, w tym w Polsce, pomimo dużego potencjału produkcyjnego udział rolnictwa w produkcji energii odnawialnej jest stosunkowo niewielki. Podkreślono, że szczególną rolę w procesie zwiększania znaczenia rolnictwa w rozwoju energetyki odnawialnej mogą odegrać biogazownie rolnicze. Produkcja biogazu rolniczego stanowi nie tylko sposób na pozyskiwanie energii odnawialnej, ale przekłada się też na ograniczenie emisji metanu powstającego w trakcie przechowywania nawozów organicznych, co jest szczególnie istotne z punktu widzenia unijnej polityki klimatycznej. Doświadczenia wielu krajów wskazują, że wzrost znaczenia energetyki odnawialnej, zwłaszcza w początkowych fazach rozwoju poszczególnych technologii, uzależniony jest od wsparcia środkami publicznymi. Dostępne dane statystyczne wskazują, że poszczególne państwa UE prowadzą bardzo różną politykę w zakresie wsparcia sektora energetyki odnawialnej. W niektórych krajach UE (w tym w Polsce) znaczną część środków publicznych kierowano na wsparcie energetyki bazującej na paliwach kopalnych.
EN
This paper examines the potential impact of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) decision – for the budget perspective 2014-2020 – known as ‘greening of the CAP’ which aims to improve the environmental performance of agriculture and hence, its sustainability. The reform established environmental measures that European farmers need to introduce in order to receive direct payments under the CAP. Using the well-established CAPRI model with its new extension by regional Computable General Equilibrium models, the economic and environmental consequences of the reform on agriculture are estimated. The calculations are carried out for the countries which signed so called Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) – an ambitious programme to restore the good ecological status of the Baltic marine environment by 2021. The results are presented in form of agricultural, economic and environmental effects of the reform against a baseline scenario for 2020 in the analysed countries. They indicate that “grening” causes a decline in the area of the main crops, increase crop prices and slightly intensified production on the remaining areas. Farm income would increase, but due to the low intensity of agriculture in the Baltic countries this increase would be rather limited.
PL
Artykuł analizuje potencjalny wpływ reformy Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej (WPR) Unii Europejskiej wprowadzonej w perspektywie budżetowej 2014-2020 w wybranym aspekcie noszącym nazwę „zazielenienie WPR”. Jego celem jest poprawa oddziaływania rolnictwa na środowisko i jednocześnie zapewnienie jemu zrównoważonego rozwoju. Reforma wprowadza nowe wymogi pro-środowiskowe, które europejscy rolnicy muszą spełniać, aby otrzymywać płatności bezpośrednie w ramach I filara WPR. Posługując się znanym modelem CAPRI wraz z jego nowym rozszerzeniem o regionalne modele równowagi ogólnej, zostały policzone potencjalne konsekwencje ekonomiczne i środowiskowe tejże reformy dla rolnictwa. Obliczenia zostały przeprowadzane dla wybranych krajów, które podpisały tzw. Bałtycki Plan Działania Komisji Helsińskiej (BSAP), tj. ambitny program mający na celu przywrócenie dobrego stanu środowiska morskiego Bałtyku do 2021 roku. Przeprowadzona analiza kontrfaktualna dotyczyła potencjalnego wpływu tej reformy dla rolnictwa w aspekcie ekonomicznym i środowiskowym w porównaniu ze scenariuszem bazowym do 2020 roku. Wyniki wskazują na to, że „zazielenienie” spowoduje spadek powierzchni głównych upraw, wzrost ich cen oraz nieznaczną intensyfikację produkcji na pozostałych obszarach. Dochody będą rosnąć, ale z powodu niskiej intensywności rolnictwa w krajach bałtyckich wzrost ten będzie raczej ograniczony.
EN
After a long debate between political bodies of the EU, the final decision about the shape of the CAP in the next programming period has been made. The initial proposal of the European Commission was very ambitious yet, after the announcement of its final version, there is a common belief that green requirements have been watered down. This paper presents the results of impact analysis based on the most recent proposition of CAP reform with a special focus on “greening” of direct payments. It evaluates changes in economic results of Polish farms in the perspective of the year 2019. For the analyses, the authors proposed an original farm typology using data taken from 10890 farms from FADN sample in 2011. Farm optimization model with PMP technique was used to estimate potential effects of the reform for 218 types of Polish farms. Farm model results have been up-scaled to the country level. Results show that majority of Polish farms are already complying with the new requirements. Adjustment of remaining farms to the new requirements leads to negligible impact on income generated by Polish farm sector.
EN
In the paper profitability of biogas production in livestock farms in Poland has been analyzed with a focus on micro biogas plants. Due to the high value of investments a crucial issue from the farmers point of view us a mechanism of financial support. The efficiency of investments has been measured assuming three variants of power of CHP installations. In addition two scenarios of financial support have been taken into consideration: the “old” mechanism of green certificates and a forthcoming mechanism based on the new “Law on Renewable Energy Resources” which is currently subject to the legislative procedure. The new system introduces feed-in tarrifs for small plants and auctions and guarantees of purchase for larger biogas plants. The results of the analyses indicate a strong dependence of the financial effects of microbiogas plants on subsidies. It can be concluded that under the current state of market development and financial support offered to microscale biogas production investments in biogas plants are in general not profitable.
PL
W artykule przeanalizowano opłacalność biogazowni rolniczych, które mogą być uruchamiane w polskich gospodarstwach prowadzących produkcję zwierzęcą. Ze względu na wysokie nakłady inwestycyjne, kluczową – z perspektywy rolników – jest kwestia mechanizmu wsparcia finansowego. Analizę efektywności inwestycji przeprowadzono przy założeniu trzech wariantów mocy jednostki kogeneracyjnej zainstalowanej w biogazowni. Dodatkowo rozpatrzono dwa scenariusze wsparcia finansowego odnoszące się do starego „systemu zielonych certyfikatów” oraz nowego mechanizmu wynikającego z „Ustawy o odnawialnych źródłach energii”. Nowy mechanizm, który powinien obowiązywać od 2016 r., zakłada wsparcie odnawialnych źródeł energii poprzez ceny gwarantowane (najmniejsze instalacje) oraz system akcji i gwarancje odkupu energii (większe instalacje). Wyniki analiz wskazują na silną zależność efektów finansowych od mechanizmu wsparcia. Przy przyjętych założeniach można stwierdzić, że inwestycje w biogazownie rolnicze na obecnym etapie rozwoju rynku charakteryzują się w zasadzie brakiem opłacalności.
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