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1

Zarys działań oddziału partyzanckiego Ryszarda Kraszka "Pirata" w 1945 r.

100%
Zapałowski A.
Rocznik Przemyski
|
2013
|
vol. 49
|
issue 3: Historia
189-215
EN
In the spring of 1945, owing to the increasing activity of Ukrainian nationalists in south-eastern Poland, a lot of self-defense groups started to appear, and in many cases guerilla groups, whose main purpose was not fighting with the new authorities but protecting local people from the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. The groups, on account of their make-up and their previous conspiracy connections were mostly negative about the Communist authorities and the presence of the Red Army. Nevertheless, due to the ongoing hostilities Polish guerilla groups avoided direct clashes with the Red Army, limiting themselves to actions aimed at protecting the members of the underground independence movement, releasing prisoners and eliminating the functionaries who were particularly involved in exposing and fighting the Polish underground. The purpose of the article is filling a gap in the historiography of the underground independence and national movement in the Przemyśl powiat in the first half of 1945, presenting one such group which was formed at the end of winter 1945 and operated for several months, mainly in the area of Bircza.
2

Zarys działalności ZWZ-AK na terenie gminy Orzechowce

100%
Zapałowski A.
Rocznik Przemyski
|
2014
|
vol. 50
|
issue 1: Historia Wojskowości
165-190
EN
The ZWZ/AK “Walentyna” unit operated in the larger part of the pre-war district of Orzechowce. It was a typical self-government district for the regions of Przemyśl and Dobromil, inhabited by Poles, Ukrainians (Ruthenians) and Jews. Owing to the fact that some Ukrainians had engaged in collaboration with the Germans, the Polish underground resistance movement in this area basically had two enemies, i.e. the Germans and Ukrainian nationalists, and later also the Soviets. This article discusses the conditions and the conspiracy activity of the ZWZ/AK organization in the district, as well as the actions carried out in the period under discussion. The text also attempts to show the reasons for a retaliatory and preventive action which took place in Małkowice, one of the villages of that unit after its dissolution in 1945.
3
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Ukraina w szarej strefie bezpieczeństwa

100%
Zapałowski A.
Przegląd Geopolityczny
|
2021
|
vol. 38
42-56
EN
More than a decade ago, work on the security grey zone strategy began in many countries. Currently, this then theoretical concept is being put into practice in relation to many states. The very concept of security grey zones is defined as places where international rules do not fully apply. The vulnerability of such an area to external centers of power is also increasing. This allows many states to resort to strategies of balancing on the edge of international acceptability of non-armed action. States operating in another country's territory, which is treated as a grey area, sequentially use a whole spectrum of methods to create crises. For the United States of America, the very phenomenon of the grey zone is defined as a strategy of malign influence, modern deterrence, election interference, or addiction through debt. The main purpose of the article is not only to define the problem of the functioning of grey security zones on the world map, but also to indicate, on the example of Ukraine, how the mentioned concept is implemented.
PL
Ponad dekadę temu w wielu państwach rozpoczęto pracę nad strategią szarych stref bezpieczeństwa. Obecnie ta teoretyczna ówcześnie koncepcja jest wdrażana w życie w odniesieniu do wielu państw. Samą koncepcję szarych stref definiuje się jako miejsca, w których reguły międzynarodowe nie w pełni obowiązują. Rośnie także wrażliwość takiego obszaru na oddziaływanie zewnętrznych ośrodków siły. Pozwala to wielu państwom na uciekanie się do strategii balansowania na granicy międzynarodowej akceptowalności działań niezbrojnych. Państwa działające na terenie innego kraju, który jest traktowany jako szara strefa, posługują się sekwencyjnie całym spektrum metod kreowania kryzysów. Dla Amerykanów samo zjawisko szarej strefy jest definiowane jako strategia złośliwych wpływów, nowoczesne odstraszanie, ingerencję w wybory czy też uzależnieniem przez zadłużenie. Głównym celem artykułu jest nie tylko zdefiniowanie problemu funkcjonowania szarych stref bezpieczeństwa na mapie świata, ale także wskazanie na przykładzie Ukrainy, jak jest realizowana wspomniana koncepcja.
4
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Obrona totalna jako wyzwanie dla bezpieczeństwa Polski

100%
Zapałowski A.
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
|
2022
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vol. 20
|
issue 2
226-244
EN
In the field of experts and science, the term of total defense is used ever so increasingly. It is often used interchangeably with the term universal defense. The research analyzes and compares the existing dictionary term of universal defense and attempts to distinguish it from the term of total defense. The study is based on the subject literaturę as well as on the doctrines of total defense in selected countries around the world.
PL
W przestrzeni eksperckiej i naukowej coraz częściej używa się terminu obrona totalna. Często stosuje się go zamiennie z terminem obrona powszechna. W opracowaniu podjęto się analizy i porównania dotychczasowego słownikowego terminu obrona powszechna i próbę rozróżnienia go od terminu obrona totalna. Badania oparto na literaturze przedmiotu oraz na doktrynie obrony totalnej w wybranych państwach świata.
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