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1

Burgher inventories from the years 1697-1795 in Cracow libraries

100%
Danowska E.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2004
|
vol. 52
|
issue 1
79-84
EN
The probate inventories described in the article (75 documents) list the property of Cracow burghers, mainly councillors, magistrates, merchants and craftsmen. The law required a physical inventory to be taken, therefore objects were described room by room. Probate inventories were usually very detailed; they recorded varied garments, vessels, furniture and household utensils, as well as the contents of a workshop or shop, if the late person was an artisan or a merchant. They specified the value of the registered objects, but also funeral expenses, debts and other liabilities influencing the value of the inheritance.
2

HIDE AND ANIMAL SLAUGHTER TAXES, 1789-1793

100%
Danowska E.
Studia Historyczne
|
2006
|
vol. 49
|
issue 2(194)
139-152
EN
The hide tax of 1789 was passed by the Four Years Seym primarily with the intention of giving the treasury a fresh source of revenue: the money was badly needed for the reformers' ambitious plans to beef up the army to 100,000 men. At the same time it was expected that the charge would curb the much criticized practice of shipping raw hides abroad and bringing them back after treatment (thus bypassing the local tanners). After the hide tax was passed by a very narrow margin on 2 November 1789, its implementation was duly handed over to the twin Treasury Commissions of Poland and Lithuania. Since the tax was to be levied both as a duty and in kind, its collection proved to be extraordinarily cumbersome and messy. The Commissions soon ran out of storage for the hides and as allegations of malpractice and fraud multiplied the Seym decided to revise the provisions of the ill­famed act. On 12 April 1791 the hide tax was changed into an excise duty on animals slaughtered in towns and a extra charge added to the hearth­tax in the country-side. Eventually, on 23 November 1793 the slaughter duty and surcharge were abolished by the Seym of Grodno in all but a few bigger towns in Poland and Lithuania.
3

'Biesiada Krzemieniecka' (1852-1861), an Embodiment of émigré Nostalgia

100%
Danowska E.
Rocznik Historii Prasy Polskiej
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2006
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vol. 9
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issue 2(18)
21-35
EN
'Biesiada Krzemieniecka' was a periodical published by Polish émigré circles in France from 1852 to 1861. It was devoted to annual reunions of alumni of the Volhynia Gymnasium (re-named Krzemieniec Lycée) that were organised to cultivate the memory of their school and its founder Tadeusz Czacki. The periodical featured reports on celebrations to commemorate the school's establishment in 1805, emigrants' lives and Czacki's speeches. The idea behind the periodical was revived in 1977 in London with the publication of a periodical under the same name.
4

JÓZEF SZYMANOWSKI, THE POLITICIAN (1748-1801)

100%
Danowska E.
Studia Historyczne
|
2008
|
vol. 51
|
issue 1(201)
17-30
EN
Józef Szymanowski was born in 1748. His parents were Maciej Szymanowski, Starosta (Constable) of Wyszogród, later Kasztelan (Lord-Lieutenant) of Rawa, and Anna neé Luszczewska. After completing his education at the prestigious Piarist Collegium Nobilium in Warsaw, he was admitted into the Czartoryski court, first with August Aleksander, later with Adam Kazimierz. The accomplished young man also caught the eye of King Stanislaw August Poniatowski, who invited him regularly to his 'Thursday dinners' and in 1773 elevated him to the rank of Royal Chamberlain. Between 1768 and 1774 Szymanowski accompanied Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski in his foreign travels. In 1770 he started publishing his poems in 'Zabawy Przyjemne i Pozyteczne' (Pleasant and Useful Entertainment): it was, however, a verse translation of Montesquieu's 'The Temple of Venus at Cnidos' that established his reputation as a poet. In 1780 and 1782 he was elected to the Sejm from the County of Sochaczew. In 1780-1784 he headed the Treasury Commission. In 1791-1792 he was a member of a commission charged with the task of drawing up a new Codex of Civil and Criminal Law (aka Stanislaw August's Codex). During Kosciuszko's insurrection he served as a judge of the Duchy of Mazowsze Criminal Court at the Interim State Council and then Deputy Councillor of the Supreme National Council and de facto head of the Justice Department. After Polands fall he withdrew from public life to his landed estate at Grady near Blonie. Five years later, however, we find him again in Warsaw where, in November 1800, his name appears on the list of the founder-members of the Warsaw Society of the Friends of the Science. He died on 15 February 1801 in Warsaw.
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