For many years, the Balkans have been considered to be the primary area of interest of criminal groups that traffic in people, especially women and children. In Macedonia, this problem was revealed in the 1990s. However, initial efforts to reduce this phenomenon and combat it proved ineffective. This stemmed from the lack of a designated strategy and the narrow character of cooperation between individual institutions. The situation was unfavourable since human trafficking is an issue that requires an interdisciplinary approach and the collaboration of many bodies. This paper is an attempt to present and assess the institutional and legal system currently being established in the Republic of Macedonia in order to effectively combat the problem of trafficking in persons. First of all, the author will describe the existing legal framework and will also indicate the specialised institutions and procedures established in order to undertake coordinated institutional measures that address the problem of trafficking in persons.
The Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), a successor of the Bulgarian Communist Party, retained a dominant position among left-wing political groups in the country. This position of the post-communist party made it increasingly difficult for other leftist groups to emerge on the Bulgarian political scene. The most successful attempt to break this monopoly was made by the Bulgarian Euroleft (BEL), established in February 1997. Changes in the BSP’s management and the election failure of 1997 made it possible to begin cooperation with other leftist parties, aiming at establishing the New Left coalition. The political treaty signed on 7 January 2001 ended the 100 years of competition between left-wing and centre-left parties and strengthened the position of the BSP as a leader among Bulgarian left-wing parties.
Przedmiotem badań w niniejszym artykule jest forum CarderPlanet funkcjonujące w latach 2001 – 2004. Była to pierwsza strona internetowa mająca charakter forum międzynarodowego/multijęzykowego, na której cyberprzestępcy posiadający różnorakie umiejętności bądź dobra, konkurowali zgodnie z prawem popytu i podaży. CarderPlanet było jednak nie tylko swoistym centrum handlowym dla cyberoszustów, ale oferowało również zabezpieczenie transakcji przeprowadzonych za pośrednictwem tej strony. W artykule analizie poddano strukturę organizacji, leżącą u podstaw sieci społecznych oraz kontroli formalnej i koordynacji na forum. Przedstawione zostały także mechanizmy, które CarderPlanet zastosowało rozwiązując problem deficytu zaufania. Dzięki nim zminimalizowano związane z tym koszty transakcji w stopniu umożliwiającym nielegalny handel.
EN
The main subject of the analysis is CarderPlanet forum available from 2001 to 2004. It was the first website designed as an international and multilingual space within which cybercriminals with various skills and goods could have competed according to the principles of the law of supply and demand. The CarderPlanet was not only a kind of trade center for carders, but it also served as a means of securing the transactions carried out via this website. The article explores the organization structure underlying social networks, as well as the formal control and coordination system employed within the forum. It also presents the solutions developed by the CarderPlanet to handle the problem of a trust deficit, making possible the reduction of transaction costs to ax extend allowing for illegal trade possible.
The article presents the process of deforming parliamentary democracy in Bulgaria after the First World War. The analysis begins with the presentation of fundamental political principles and relations between the main state institutions in the Tyrnovo Constitution, the fundamental law of Bulgaria in this period. Further, the problems of Bulgarian parliamentarism are discussed. Parliamentary democracy in Bulgaria in the interwar period was deformed by violating the rules of the parliament and subordinating it to party interests. It was further weakened by the usurpation of power (two coups d’état), disrespect for the constitutional principles, and by regulations prohibiting the activity of certain political forces. As a result, Bulgaria has evolved from a parliamentary monarchy that respecting the parliamentary system and procedures to the dictatorship.
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